Women - PDF document

Womensmateretentionbehaviors,personalitytraits,andfellatio YaelSela ,ToddK.Shackelford,MichaelN.Pham,VirgilZeigler-Hill OaklandUniversity,Rochester,MI,USA articleinfoArticlehistory:Received2April2015Receivedinrevisedform1May2015Accepted3May2015 OralsexMateretentionRelationshipsatisfaction Womenperformoralsexontheirmalepartner(i.e.,fellatio)aspartofaBene“t-Provisioningmateretentionstrategy,andwomenspersonalitypredictstheirinterestin,andtimespent,performingfellatio.Weexploredwhetherwomensmateretentionbehaviormediatestherelationshipbetweentheir 1.Introduction 1.1.Womenspersonalityandpartnersrelationshipsatisfaction TheFive-FactorModeldescribes“vedimensionsofpersonality:Surgency(Extraversion),Agreeableness,Conscientiousness,EmotionalStability(Neuroticism),andOpennesstoExperienceGoldberg,1982;Norman,1963).WomensAgreeablenessisposi-tivelyassociatedwiththeirpartnerssexualsatisfaction,maritalquality(Donnellan,Conger,&Bryant,2004),andrelationshipsatis-faction(Malouff,Thorsteinsson,Schutte,Bhullar,&Rooke,2010WomenhigherinAgreeablenessmaintainmoreharmoniousrela-tionships(e.g.,Buss,1991;Karney&Bradbury,1995).Womens 1.2.Fellatioandpartnersrelationshipsatisfaction Oralsexisacommonsexualactivity(e.g.,Santtilaetal.,2007thatispositivelyassociatedwithsexualsatisfaction(Brody&Costa,2009)andrelationshipsatisfaction(Ashdown,Hackathorn,&Clark,2011).Menareequallylikelytoreportreceivingfellatiofromtheirpartnerandperformingcunnilingusonherattheirmost2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.  PersonalityandIndividualDifferences85(2015)187…191 ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectPersonalityandIndividualDifferencesjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.c recentsexualencounteraswomenaretoreportperformingfellatioandreceivingcunnilingus(Vannier&OSullivan,2012;cf.Visser,Smith,Rissel,Richters,&Grulich,2003).Mostmenandwomenreportexperiencingoralsexatleastonceintheirlife(Visseretal.,2003)andadesiretoexperienceoralsex(etal.,2007).Mendesireoralsexmoreoftenthanwomen,andmens(butnotwomens)relationshipsatisfactionispositivelycorrelatedwiththefrequencywithwhichtheyexperienceoralsex(Santtilaetal.,2007 Fellatiomayincreaseapartnersrelationshipsatisfaction.Womenreportperformingfellatioontheirpartnertoimprovetherelationshipandtoprovidehimwithsexualpleasure(&Halpern-Felsher,2006),andmenwhoreceivefellatiomorefre-quentlyreportgreaterrelationshipsatisfaction(Kaestle&Halpern,2007).Womenthatmorefrequentlyperformmatereten-tionbehaviorsofloveandcarearealsomoreinterestedin,andspendmoretime,performingfellatioontheirpartner(Shackelford,Pham,&Euler,2015),andtheyaremorelikelytoreportperformingfellatioiftheyreportthattheylovehimalot(Kaestle&Halpern,2007).BecausewomensAgreeablenessispositivelyrelatedtotheirpartnersrelationshipsatisfaction,andbecausewomenperformfellatiotosatisfyhim,wehypothesizethatwomenhigherinAgreeablenesswillreportgreaterinterestin(Hypothesis1),andspendmoretime(Hypothesis2),performingfellatioontheirpartner. 1.3.Womensmateretention Womenperformmateretentiontoreducetheriskoftheirpart-nersin“delity(Buss,1988Buss&Shackelford,1997Buss(1988)identi“ed104actsclusteredinto19materetentiontactics.Bussorganizedthesetacticsinto“vecategories:DirectGuarding(includesbehaviorssuchasvigilanceaboutapartnerswhere-abouts),IntersexualNegativeInducements(includesbehaviorsthatmanipulateandderogateonespartner),IntrasexualNegativeInducements(includesbehaviorsintendedtodetersame-sexrivalsfrompursuingonespartner),PositiveInducements(includesbehaviorsthatincreasetheappealofthecurrentrelationshiptoonespartner),andPublicSignalsofPossession(includesbehaviorsthatdisplaytoothersthatonesrelationshipisexclusive). Miner,Starratt,andShackelford(2009)groupedthe“vecategoriesintotwosuperordinatemateretentiondomains:Cost-In”icting(includesthecategoriesDirectGuarding,IntersexualNegativeInducements,andIntrasexualNegativeInducements)andBene“t-Provisioning(includesthecategoriesPositiveInducementsandPublicSignalsofPossession).Cost-In”ictingbehaviorsreducetheriskofpartnerin“delitybyloweringapartnersself-esteem,causingthepartnertofeelunworthyofthecurrentrelationshiporanyotherpotentialrela-tionship(Mineretal.,2009).Bene“t-Provisioningbehaviorsreducetheriskofpartnerin“delitybyincreasingapartnersrelationshipsatisfaction(Mineretal.,2009 1.4.Womenspersonality,fellatio,andmateretention WomenhigherinAgreeablenessaremorelikelytoprovisiontheirpartnerwithbene“ts.AgreeablenessisrelatedtoaltruismBuss,1996;Saucier&Goldberg,1996),andwomenincurcostswhentheyprovisiontheirpartnerwithbene“ts(Mineretal.,),includingtime,effort(e.g.,ImadesurethatIlookedniceformypartner),andmoney(e.g.,Iboughtmypartneranexpen-sivegift;Buss,1988).Agreeablenessisalsolinkedwithcoopera-tion(Nettle,2006),whereaslowAgreeableness…sometimeslinkedwithaggression…isassociatedwithsocialcost-in”ictingtactics(Larsen&Buss,2008).Forexample,thoselowon Agreeablenessaremoreabusive,jealous,andsexuallywithholding towardtheirpartners(Buss,1991deMiguelandBuss(2011)umentedanegativeassociationbetweenwomensAgreeablenessandtheirCost-In”ictingmateretention. WomenmayperformfellatioaspartofaBene“t-Provisioningmateretentionstrategy.Womenwhomorefrequentlyprovisiontheirpartnerwithbene“tsreportgreaterinterestin,andspendmoretime,performingfellatioontheirpartner(Selaetal.,2015BecausewomenhigherinAgreeablenessaremorelikelytoprovi-siontheirpartnerwithbene“ts,andbecausefellatioispartofaBene“t-Provisioningmateretentionstrategy,wehypothesizethatwomensBene“t-ProvisioningmateretentionwillmediatetherelationshipbetweentheirAgreeablenessandtheirinterestin(Hypothesis3),andtimespent(Hypothesis4),performingfellatioontheirpartner.BecausewomensNeuroticismcorrelatesnega-tivelywiththeirpartnersrelationshipsatisfaction(e.g.,etal.,2010),wehypothesizethatwomensEmotionalStabilitywillpositivelycorrelatewiththeirBene“t-Provisioningmateretention(Hypothesis5)andwiththeirinterestin(Hypothesis6),andtimespent(Hypothesis7),performingfellatioontheirpartner.Becausenopreviousresearchhasinvestigatedthelinksbetweenwomenspersonalitycharacteristicsandfellatio,wedonotofferhypothesesabouttherelationshipsofotherpersonalitydimensionswithwomensinterestin,andtimespent,performingfellatio.Forrepor-torialcompleteness,westatisticallyexploredtherelationshipsbetweenwomensscoresonthe“vepersonalitydimensions,materetention,andfellatio. 2.Method 2.1.Participantsandprocedures Femaleuniversitystudentsandcommunitymemberswererecruitedbyposted”yersonandaroundcampus,wordofmouth,andin-classannouncements.Mostparticipantswerecompensatedwithnominalextracreditinanundergraduatecourseinthesocialandbehavioralsciences.Toqualifyforparticipation,womenhadtobeatleast18yearsoldandinacommitted,sexual,heterosexualrelationship.Participantsarrivedatascheduledtimeandlocationtoreceiveprintedmaterials(informedconsentandsurvey),andwereaskedtocompletetheseinprivacyandatatimeandlocationconvenientforthem.Mostparticipantsreturnedtheircompletedmaterialswithin48h.Tomaintainanonymity,participantsplacedthesignedconsentforminanenvelopewhichtheythensealed,andthecompletedsurveyassessingtheirmateretention,personal-itytraits,andoralsexbehaviorinaseparateenvelope,whichtheythensealed.Eachenvelopewasplacedinoneoftwoboxes,bothofwhichcontainedmanyotherenvelopes. Fourhundredeighteenwomeninacommitted,sexual,hetero-sexualrelationshipparticipatedinthisresearch.Weexcludeddatafor17participantsbecausetheirscoresweremissingormorethan3standarddeviationsfromthemeanforoneormoreofthevari-ables.Themeanageoftheremainingparticipants(=401)was21.2years(=4.5)withameanrelationshiplengthof25.3months(=24.1).Thecurrentresearchreportsnewanaly-sesdesignedtotestnewhypothesesusingasubsetofalargerdata-setdescribedinShackelford,Goetz,Buss,EulerandHoier(2005) 2.2.Measures AllmeasuresandproceduresfollowedPhametal.(2014)2.2.1.Materetentionbehaviors ParticipantscompletedtheMateRetentionInventory(MRI;Buss,1988)„a104-iteminstrumentthatassessesthefrequency Y.Selaetal./PersonalityandIndividualDifferences85(2015)187…191 ofmateretentionbehaviorsduringthepastmonth.Ona4-pointscale,participantsreportedhowfrequentlytheyperformedeachbehavior(0=Neverperformedthisact,to3=Oftenperformedthis).FollowingMineretal.(2009),weconstructedBene“t-ProvisioningandCost-In”ictingmateretentionvariablesfromtheaverageofscorestospeci“citemsfromtheMRI.2.2.2.Five-Factormodelofpersonality Participantscompleteda40-iteminventorythatassessesstand-ingsonthe“vemajordimensionsofpersonality(Botwinetal.,).Ona7-pointscale,participantsselectedresponsestobipo-laradjectivesthatdescribedthemselves(e.g.,1=,7=,7=).FollowingBotwinetal.(1997),weconstructedscoresforeachofthe“vepersonalitydimensionsTable1fordimensionsandreliabilitycoef“cients).Internalconsistencyestimatesarelowerthantheconventionalcutoff=0.70),suggestingthatthisinstrumentmayhaveproblemswithregardtoreliability(Cronbach,1951).However,inpreviousworkthesebipolaradjectivepairshavedemonstratedinternalcon-sistencyandconvergentvaliditywiththeBigFiveInventoryandtheNEOFiveFactorInventory(Goldberg,1992;John&Srivastava,19992.2.3.Oralsex Participantsprovidedinformationabouttheirmostrecentsexualencounterwiththeirpartnerusinga10-pointscale:owninterestinperformingoralsex(0=Lessinterestedorexcitedthanistypicalforme,9=Moreinterestedorexcitedthanistypicalfor),anddurationoforalsex(0=LesstimethanistypicalformeMoretimethanistypicalforme 3.Results Table1presentsdescriptivestatisticsandzero-ordercorrela-tionsamongthevariables.WomensinterestinperformingfellatiowascorrelatedwiththeirAgreeableness(consistentwithHypothesis1)andwiththeirOpennesstoExperience.ThetimewomenspentperformingfellatiowascorrelatedwiththeirConscientiousness.Wedidnot“ndsupportforHypothesis2:WomensAgreeablenesswasnotcorrelatedwiththetimetheyspentperformingfellatio.Wedidnot“ndsupportforHypotheses5…7:WomensEmotionalStabilitywasnotcorrelatedwiththeirBene“t-Provisioning,orwiththeirinterestin,ortimespent,performingfellatio. Weconductedtwomultiplemediationanalysesusingaboot-strappingtechnique(Preacher&Hayes,2008)totestifthemateretentiondomainsmediatedtheassociationsbetweenpersonalityandinterestin(model1;Fig.1A),andtimespent(model2;Fig.1performingfellatio,whilestatisticallycontrollingforparticipants ageandrelationshiplength.Bothmodelsweresigni“cant 0.003),andeachexplainedapproximately6%ofthevarianceinoralsex.The“rstmodelindicatedthattherelationshipbetweenwomensAgreeablenessandtheirinterestinperformingfellatiowasreduced,butnotsigni“cantly(Upper95%CI=0.04,Lower95%CI=0.01),whencontrollingstatisticallyforthefrequencywithwhichtheyprovisiontheirpartnerwithbene“ts.Wedidnot“ndsupportforHypotheses3or4:WomensBene“t-ProvisioningdidnotmediatetherelationshipbetweenwomensAgreeablenessandtheirinterestin,ortimespent,per-formingfellatio.ThesecondmodelindicatedthattherelationshipbetweenwomensConscientiousnessandthetimetheyspendper-formingfellatiowasreducedsigni“cantly(Upper95%CI=0.06,Lower95%CI=0.01)whencontrollingstatisticallyforthefrequencywithwhichtheyprovisiontheirpartnerwithbene“ts. 4.Discussion Womensinterestin,andtimespent,performingfellatioarecorrelatedwithseveraloftheirpersonalitytraitsandwithseveralmateretentionbehaviors.WomenhigherinConscientiousnessspendmoretimeperformingfellatioontheirpartner,andthisrela-tionshipismediatedbytheirBene“t-Provisioningmateretention.WomenhigherinAgreeablenessreportgreaterinterestin,andtimespent,performingfellatioontheirpartner,butnotmoreBene“t-Provisioning.Thisisincontrasttothemediatedrelation-shipthatPhametal.(2014)documentedin,andisconsistentwiththesexdifferencesintherelationshipbetweenoralsexandmateretentiondocumentedbySelaetal.(2015)usingadifferentsubsampleofthislargerdataset.This“ndingisalsoconsistentwiththesexdifferencesintherelationshipbetweenoralsexandriskofpartnerin“delity;men,butnotwomen,aremorelikelytobeinterestedin,andspendmoretimeperforming,oralsexwhentheyareatgreaterriskoftheirpartnersin“delity(Shackelford,&Sela,2013 Findingsfortheotherpersonalitytraitsofwomen,bycontrast,havenotbeenconsistentlyreplicated.Forexample,womensConscientiousnessisassociatedwithincreasedrelationshipsatis-factionoftheirmalepartnerindatingcouples,butnotmarriedcouples(Watson,Hubbard,&Wiese,2000).WomensOpennessisunrelatedtomalepartnersrelationshipsatisfactionindatingormarriedcouples(Watsonetal.,2000).Theseinconsistencies,alongwiththesmalleffectsidenti“edinthecurrentstudy,suggestthattheidenti“edrelationshipsshouldbeinterpretedwith WeanalyzedandreportedanalysesforallBig5traitsforrepor-torialcompletenessandinanexploratorymanner.Becausenopre-viousresearchhasinvestigatedtheserelationships,wepresenttheseanalysesforallBig5traitsinthemediationalanalyses.The Table1Descriptivestatisticsandzero-ordercorrelationsamongtargetvariables.1234567891.Interestinperformingfellatio…2.Durationofperformingfellatio0.313.Surgency0.070.090.674.Agreeableness0.160.100.070.655.Conscientiousness0.100.146.EmotionalStability0.070.090.217.OpennesstoExperience0.130.080.460.050.528.Bene“t-Provisioning0.100.060.050.130.070.159.Cost-In”icting0.080.010.050.57M5.725.244.964.885.133.995.631.220.29SD2.142.020.900.880.780.900.650.450.27=401,0.05(two-tailed),0.01(two-tailed),alphareliabilitiesareonthediagonal.Y.Selaetal./PersonalityandIndividualDifferences85(2015)187…191 Benefit-provisioningmate retention Openness Emotional Stability Conscientiousness Interest in performing Cost-inflicting mate retention .14*(.11) mate retention Openness Emotional Stability Conscientiousness fellatio Cost-inflicting mate retention .14**-.12**-.22***-.27***.12* (.09) AB Fig.1.Pathcoef“cientsforthemultiplemediationmodelsareincludedforthedirecteffects(coef“cientsinsideparenthesis)andindirecteffects(coef“cientsoutsideparenthesis).Dashedboxesrepresentthecovariatesthatwereincludedinthemodels.Dottedlinesrepresentnon-signi“cantpathcoef“cients.PanelsAandBsummarizemodels1and2,respectively.0.05,0.01,0.001. Y.Selaetal./PersonalityandIndividualDifferences85(2015)187…191 currentresearchextendspreviousresearchonmen(Phametal.,)towomen.Therefore,wefollowedthemethodsandproceduresofthispreviousresearch.Fromatheoreticalperspec-tive,personalitytraitsarerelativelystable,andthereforewereasonthatvariationinmateretentionbehaviorsmayhelptoexplainvariationinoralsexbehaviors(bothofwhicharerelativelymorecontext-speci“cthanarepersonalitytraits).Becauseouranalysesarecorrelational,wecannotclearlyidentifydirectionofcausality,andthisisaninterestingtopicforfutureresearch. Alimitationofthisstudyisthatwedidnotaddressindividualdifferencesbesideswomenspersonality,age,andrelationshiplength.Materetentionbehaviorsandoralsexbehaviorsareassoci-atedwithindividualdifferencessuchassociosexuality(mateKardum,Hudek-Knez,&Gracanin,2006)andreli-giosity(oralsex;Mahoney,1980).Anotherlimitationofthisstudyisthatwereliedonself-reports.Althoughself-reportsofmateretentionbehaviorscorrelatepositivelywithpartnersreportsofthesebehaviors(Shackelford,Goetz,&Buss,2005),itwouldbeusefultosecurereportsfrombothpartners.Weassessedperfor-manceoffellatiowitharelativemeasure(i.e.,weaskedeachpar-ticipanttocompareherinterestin,andtimespent,performingfellatioonherpartnerthelasttimetheyhadsextowhatistypicalforher).Althoughthismeasureallowedustocontrolfordiffer-encesbetweenparticipants,futureresearchmightsecureobjectivemeasuressuchasactualtimespentperformingfellatio. Thecurrentresearchisthe“rsttoinvestigatetherelationshippersonalitydimensionsandoralsexbehaviors.Thisresearchaddstoagrowingbodyofresearchdocumentingthatmateretentionstrategiesareassociatedwithsexualbehavior. References Angulo,J.,&García,M.(2005).Sexinstone:Sexuality,reproduction,anderoticisminthePaleolithicepoch.Madrid:Luzán.5 Armstrong,E.A.,England,P.,&Fogarty,A.C.K.(2009).Orgasmincollegehookupsandrelationships.InB.J.Risman(Ed.),Familiesastheyreallyare(pp.362…377).NewYork,NY:Norton Ashdown,B.K.,Hackathorn,J.,&Clark,E.M.(2011).Inandoutofthebedroom:Sexualsatisfactioninthemaritalrelationship.JournalofIntegratedSocialSciences,2,38…55 Botwin,M.D.,Buss,D.M.,&Shackelford,T.K.(1997).Personalityandmatepreferences:Fivefactorsinmateselectionandmaritalsatisfaction.JournalofPersonality,65,107…136 Bouchard,G.,Lussier,Y.,&Saborin,S.(1999).Personalityandmaritaladjustment:UtilityoftheFive-Factor-Modelofpersonality.JournalofMarriageandtheFamily,61,651…660 Brody,S.,&Costa,R.M.(2009).Satisfaction(sexual,life,relationship,andmentalhealth)isassociateddirectlywithpenile-vaginalintercourse,butinverselywithothersexualbehaviorfrequencies.TheJournalofSexualMedicine,6,1947…1954 Buss,D.M.(1988).Fromvigilancetoviolence:TacticsofmateretentioninAmericanundergraduates.EthologyandSociobiology,9,291…317 Buss,D.M.(1991).Con”ictinmarriedcouples:PersonalitypredictorsofangerandJournalofPersonality,59,663…688 Buss,D.M.(1996).Socialadaptationand“vemajorfactorsofpersonality.InJ.S.Wiggins(Ed.),TheFive-FactorModelofpersonality:Theoreticalperspectives(pp.180…207).NewYork,NY:Guilford Buss,D.M.,&Shackelford,T.K.(1997).Fromvigilancetoviolence:Materetentiontacticsinmarriedcouples.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,72 Cornell,J.L.,&Halpern-Felsher,B.L.(2006).AdolescentstelluswhyteenshaveoralJournalofAdolescentHealth,38,299…301 Cronbach,L.J.(1951).Coef“cientalphaandtheinternalstructureoftests.Psychometrika,16,297…334 deMiguel,A.,&Buss,D.M.(2011).MateretentiontacticsinSpain:Personality,sexdifferences,andrelationshipstatus.JournalofPersonality,79,563…586 deVisser,R.O.,Smith,A.,Rissel,C.E.,Richters,J.,&Grulich,A.E.(2003).SexinAustralia:Heterosexualexperienceandrecentheterosexualencountersamongarepresentativesampleofadults.AustralianandNewZealandJournalofPublicHealth,27,146…154 Donnellan,M.B.,Conger,R.D.,&Bryant,C.M.(2004).TheBigFiveandenduringJournalofResearchinPersonality,38,481…504 Fielder,R.L.,&Carey,M.P.(2010).Prevalenceandcharacteristicsofsexualhookupsamong“rst-semesterfemalecollegestudents.JournalofSexandMaritalTherapy,36,346…359 Goldberg,L.R.(1982).Fromacetozombie:Someexplorationsinthelanguageofpersonality.InC.D.Spielberg&J.N.Butcher(Eds.).Advancesinpersonality(Vol.1,pp.203…234).Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum Goldberg,L.R.(1992).Thedevelopmentofmarkersforthebig-“vefactorstructure.PsychologicalAssessment,4,26…42 Guadamuz,T.E.,Kunawararak,P.,Beyrer,C.,Pumpaisanchai,J.,Wei,C.,&Celentano,D.D.(2010).HIVprevalence,sexualandbehavioralcorrelatesamongShan,Hilltribe,andThaimalesexworkersinNorthernThailand.AIDSCare,22,597…605 Iwawaki,S.,&Wilson,G.D.(1983).SexfantasiesinJapan.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,4,543…545 John,O.P.,&Srivastava,S.(1999).Thebig“vetraittaxonomy:History,measurement,andtheoreticalperspectives.InL.A.Pervin&O.P.John(Eds.),Handbookofpersonality:Theoryandresearch(2nded.,pp.102…139).NewYork,NY:GuilfordPress Kaestle,C.E.,&Halpern,C.T.(2007).Whatslovegottodowithit?Sexualbehaviorsofopposite-sexcouplesthroughemergingadulthood.PerspectivesonSexualandReproductiveHealth,39,134…140 Kardum,I.,Hudek-Knez,J.,&Gracanin,A.(2006).Sociosexualityandmateretentioninromanticcouples.PsychologicalTopics,15,277…296 Karney,B.R.,&Bradbury,T.N.(1995).Thelongitudinalcourseofmaritalqualityandstability:Areviewoftheory,method,andresearch.PsychologicalBulletin,,3…34 Karney,B.R.,&Bradbury,T.N.(1997).Neuroticism,maritalinteraction,andthetrajectoryofmaritalsatisfaction.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,72 Larsen,R.J.,&Buss,D.M.(2008).Personalitypsychology.NewYork,NY:McGraw- Mahoney,E.R.(1980).ReligiosityandsexualbehavioramongheterosexualcollegeJournalofSexResearch,16,97…113 Malouff,J.M.,Thorsteinsson,E.B.,Schutte,N.S.,Bhullar,N.,&Rooke,S.E.(2010).TheFive-FactorModelofpersonalityandrelationshipsatisfactionofintimatepartners:Ameta-analysis.JournalofResearchinPersonality,44,124…127 Miner,E.J.,Starratt,V.G.,&Shackelford,T.K.(2009).Itsnotallabouther:Mensmatevalueandmateretention.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,47 Nettle,D.(2006).TheevolutionofpersonalityvariationinhumansandotherAmericanPsychologist,61,622…631 Norman,W.T.(1963).Towardanadequatetaxonomyofpersonalityattributes:Replicatedfactorstructureinpeernominationsandpersonalityratings.ofAbnormalandSocialPsychology,66,574…583 Pham,M.N.,Shackelford,T.K.,Holden,C.J.,Zeigler-Hill,V.,Sela,Y.,&Jeffrey,A.J.(2014).Mensbene“t-provisioningmateretentionbehaviormediatestherelationshipbetweentheiragreeablenessandtheiroralsexbehaviors.ArchivesofSexualBehavior Pham,M.N.,Shackelford,T.K.,&Sela,Y.(2013).Womensoralsexbehaviorsandriskofpartnerin“delity.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,55,446…449 Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2008).Asymptoticandresamplingstrategiesforassessingandcomparingindirecteffectsinmultiplemediatormodels.ResearchMethods,40,879…891 Rimm,M.(1994).Marketingpornographyontheinformationsuperhighway:Asurveyof917,410images,descriptions,shortstories,andanimationsdownloaded8.5milliontimesbyconsumersinover2000citiesinfortycountries,provinces,andterritories.GeorgetownLawJournal,83,1849…1934 Robins,R.W.,Caspi,A.,&Mof“t,T.E.(2000).Twopersonalities,onerelationship:Bothpartnerspersonalitytraitsshapethequalityoftheirrelationship.ofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,79,51…259 Santtila,P.,Wager,I.,Witting,K.,Harlaar,N.,Jern,P.,Johansson,A.D.A.,etal.(2007).Discrepanciesbetweensexualdesireandsexualactivity:Genderdifferencesandassociationswithrelationshipsatisfaction.JournalofSex&MaritalTherapy,34,31…44 Saucier,G.,&Goldberg,L.R.(1996).EvidencefortheBigFiveinanalysesoffamiliarEnglishpersonalityadjectives.EuropeanJournalofPersonality,10,61…77 Sela,Y.,Shackelford,T.K.,Pham,M.N.,&Euler,H.A.(2015).Dowomenperformfellatioasamateretentionbehavior?PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,73 Shackelford,T.K.,Goetz,A.T.,&Buss,D.M.(2005a).Materetentioninmarriage:FurtherevidenceofthereliabilityoftheMateRetentionInventory.andIndividualDifferences,39,415…425 Shackelford,T.K.,Goetz,A.T.,Buss,D.M.,Euler,H.A.,&Hoier,S.(2005b).Whenwehurttheoneswelove:Predictingviolenceagainstwomenfrommensmateretentiontactics.PersonalRelationships,12,447…463 Vannier,S.A.,&OSullivan,L.F.(2012).Whogivesandwhogets:Why,when,andwithwhomyoungpeopleengageinoralsex.JournalofYouthandAdolescence,,572…582 Watson,D.,Hubbard,B.,&Wiese,D.(2000).Generaltraitsofpersonalityandaffectivityaspredictorsofsatisfactioninintimaterelationships:Evidencefromself-andpartner-ratings.JournalofPersonality,68,413…449 Y.Selaetal./PersonalityandIndividualDifferences85(2015)187…191 191