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Amphibians Amphibians

Amphibians - PowerPoint Presentation

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Amphibians - PPT Presentation

Amphibian diversity Anura frogs 4000 sp Caudata salamanders 450 sp Gymnophiona caecilians 175 sp Skin permeable respiration mucous glands poison glands biphasic lifestyle ID: 232694

amphibians species reptiles concept species amphibians concept reptiles characteristics herpetology organisms single 1993 ridley set history evolutionary groups org

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Slide1
Slide2

AmphibiansSlide3

Amphibian diversity

Anura

(

frogs, ~4000 sp.);

Caudata (salamanders, ~450 sp.); Gymnophiona (caecilians, ~175 sp.)Slide4

Skin

permeable

respiration

mucous glands

poison glands

biphasic

lifestylesecond hearing systemunique retinal cellsskullpaired occipital condylesreduction/loss of bonesorientation of stapesshort ribsdeclining populations

Amphibian characteristicsSlide5

Caecilian characteristics

No limbs, reduced or absent girdles

Annuli

Solidified skull with

Eyes reduced/absentFusion of bones

Roofed, few/no fossa

TentaclePhallodeumSiphonops annulatusSlide6

Salamander characteristics

Tailed, most with four limbs, four digits on front limbs, five digits on hindlimbs

Aquatic, terrestrial/fossorial, arboreal

Breathe through lungs, gills, and/or skin

Sprawling gait

Large genome

15-90 pg (humans: 3pg)Diverse life cycles, reproductive modes --mostly internal fertilizationSlide7

Frog characteristics

Squat, tailless body

Fused limb bones

Hindlimbs

> forelimbs

Few vertebrae

Terrestrial, arboreal, aquaticGreat diversity of reproductive modesMostly external fertilizationMany species with protrusible tongue for feedingSlide8

Reptile diversity

Turtles (

Chelonia

) 300 species

Crocodiles, alligators, caimans (Crocodylia) 27 speciesTuatara (

Sphenodon

) 1-2 speciesLizards, snakes, amphisbaenids (Squamata) 6000 speciesBirds (Aves) 9000 speciesSlide9

Reptile characteristics

Dry, scaly outer covering

Shelled eggs laid on land

EctothermsSlide10

Turtle characteristics

Shell

Fused to ribs

Fused to vertebrae

Terrestrial or aquatic

Limb

girdles lie inside ribcageJaws lack teeth Slide11

Crocodylian

characteristics

Alligators, caimans, crocodiles, gavials

Large

1-8 meters

Complex parental care

Top-end predatorsSlide12

Lizard characteristics

6000+ species

2 or 4 limbs, or limbless

Oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous

Terrestrial, semiaquatic, arboreal, fossorialSlide13
Slide14

What is Herpetology?

The study of amphibians and

reptiles

Greek root

Herpein: to creep

Herpeton

: creeping animal "To herp" (verb): to look for herps"Herps"Amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians"Reptiles": lizards, amphisbaenids, snakes, crocodylians, tuataras, turtlesSlide15

Why study amphibians and "reptiles" together as a single group?

An evolutionary grouping?

Amphibians and reptiles

closest

relatives?Shared characteristics?E.g.,

ectothermy

?Tradition?HistorySlide16

DiapsidaSlide17

Why study amphibians and reptiles together as a single group?

An evolutionary grouping?

Amphibians and reptiles are not

closest

relativesShared characteristics?E.g.,

ectothermy

?Tradition?HistorySlide18

Shared characteristics of reptiles and amphibians

Ectothermy

Thermoregulation

Energy requirements

Body size and shape

Lay eggs (most)

Terrestrial (most)Lack fur and feathers…Slide19

Differences between reptiles and amphibians

Amniotic egg

Integument

Claws

Heart

Skull

FertilizationMoisture environmentSlide20

Why study amphibians and reptiles together as a single group?

An evolutionary grouping

?

Amphibians and reptiles are not close relatives

Shared characteristics?

Amphibians and reptiles differ greatly in anatomy and physiology

Tradition?HistorySlide21

Why study amphibians and reptiles together? Tradition!

"Most amphibia are abhorrent because of their cold body, pale colour, cartilaginous skeleton, filthy skin, fierce aspect, calculating eye, offensive smell, harsh voice, squalid habitation, and terrible venom; and so their Creator has not exerted his powers to make many of them."

Linnaeus (1750)Slide22

History

of

Herpetology

Contributions to the History of Herpetology

Kraig Adler; ssarherps.org

Aristotle (384-322 BC): blood, locomotion, limbs, eggs

Carol Linnaeus (1707-1778): Systema Naturae (1735+)1700s-1800s: France is centerG. Buffon: Histoire Naturelle (1749-88)B. Lacepede: Histoire des Quadrupedes

Ovipares et des Serpientes

(1789)

A.

Brongniart

(1799): Separation of Batrachians (amphibians)

F.

Daudin

:

Histoire

Naturelle

des Reptiles

(1802)

A.

Dumeril

and G.

Bibron

:

Erpetologie

Generale

(1834-54)Slide23

History of Herpetology

Mid-1800s: Great Britain (J. Gray, A. Gunther, G. Boulenger)

Late 1800s: North America emerges

J. Holbrook:

North American Herpetology (1836-42)

E. D. Cope:

The Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of North America (1900)L. Stejneger: Herpetology of Puerto Rico (1904)Slide24

Doris Cochran 1898-1968

Curator of Herpetology, Smithsonian 1942-1968Slide25

Herpetology in the US today

UC Berkeley

C Camp, R Stebbins, D Wake, M Wake, H Greene

, C Moritz,

J Mc Guire

U of Kansas

E Taylor, J Tihen, H Smith, H Fitch, W Duellman, L Trueb, R Brown, R GlorUSNM (Smithsonian)D Cochran, J Peters, G Zug, R McDiarmid, R Heyer, K de QueirozUT Austin

F Blair, D Cannatella, D

Hillis

, E

Pianka

, M Ryan, C

Gans

Harvard

T Barbour, A

Romer

, A

Loveridge

, E Williams, P

Alberch

, J

Cadle

, J

Hanken

, J

Losos

American Museum of Natural History

M Dickerson, G Noble, C Bogart, C Myers, C Cole, D FrostSlide26

Herpetological societies

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH; 1913;

Copeia

)

Herpetologists’ League (HL; 1946; Herpetologica, Herpetological Monographs)Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR; 1958; Journal of Herpetology

,

Herpetological Review)Slide27

Web resources

Amphibiaweb.org

reptile-

database.org

ssarherps.orgasih.orgherpetologistsleague.orgSlide28

Journals

Journal of Herpetology,

Copeia

,

Herpetologica, Amphibia-Reptilia, Herpetological Conservation &Biology, Herpetology Notes, Phyllomedusa, Journal of Mesoamerican Herpetology, African Journal of Herpetology,

Salamandra

, Herpetological Monographs, Chelonian Conservation &Biology…Slide29
Slide30

Systematics

Phylogenetics

Taxonomy

Classification

NomenclatureSpecies and higher level taxaSlide31

Species concepts

Phenetic

species concept

: A species is a set of organisms that look similar to each other and distinct from other sets (Ridley, 1993).Slide32

Species concepts

Phenetic

species concept

: A species is a set of organisms that look similar to each other and distinct from other sets (Ridley, 1993).

Ecological species concept: A species is a set of organisms exploiting (or adapted to) a single niche (Ridley 1993)

.Slide33

Species concepts

Phenetic

species concept

: A species is a set of organisms that look similar to each other and distinct from other sets (Ridley, 1993).

Ecological species concept: A species is a set of organisms exploiting (or adapted to) a single niche (Ridley 1993)

.

Biological species concept: Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr, 1940). Slide34

Species concepts

Phenetic

species concept

: A species is a set of organisms that look similar to each other and distinct from other sets (Ridley, 1993).

Ecological species concept: A species is a set of organisms exploiting (or adapted to) a single niche (Ridley 1993)

.

Biological species concept: Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr, 1940). Evolutionary species concept: A species is a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations which maintain its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate (Wiley, 1981). Slide35

Species concepts

Phenetic

species concept

: A species is a set of organisms that look similar to each other and distinct from other sets (Ridley, 1993).

Ecological species concept: A species is a set of organisms exploiting (or adapted to) a single niche (Ridley 1993)

.

Biological species concept: Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr, 1940). Evolutionary species concept: A species is a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations which maintain its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate (Wiley, 1981). Phylogenetic species concept: A species is the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent (Cracraft 1983).Slide36

Species concepts: History

Pre-1942

Typology

Key reading: Aristotle

1940s-1990sOperationalismInterbreedingKey reading: Mayr

1942

1990s-nowSpecies = evolutionary lineages (Simpson1961)Operational/conceptual distinctionKey reading: Wiley 1981, de Queiroz 1998, Frost and Kluge 1994 Slide37
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