Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherersand the Spread of Agriculture in EuropeUniv - PDF document

Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherersand the Spread of Agriculture in EuropeUniversity of Wisconsin, MadisonArchaeological Institute of the Advisers: Dr. Eszter Bánffy and Dr. Róbert Kertész eminal research in the 1970s resulted in the recognition that events in Transdanubia(western Hungary) during the 6millennium B.C. were pivotal to the spread ofagriculture to north central Europe. Two perspectives have figured prominently in thedebate: 1) agriculture was directly spread by migrating agricultural populations; and 2)agriculture spread through the adoption of agricultural practices by indigenous hunter-gatherer populations. In Hungary the spread of agriculture has primarily been approachedfrom the perspective of the first farmers (Neolithic). Limited archaeological evidence fromMesolithic hunter-gatherers during the Early Holocene (~10,000-6,000 B.C.) in theCarpathian Basin has made it difficult to consider their role in the entire process. It isargued that the complex process of agricultural spread may be more comprehensible ifresearch is specifically directed toward identifying long term evolutionary trends inMesolithic hunter-gatherer society. This paper provides a summary of extant evidence fromthe Mesolithic and Neolithic in Hungary, with an emphasis on Transdanubia, and presentssome of the preliminary results of recent research on the Mesolithic. Introductionsociety. In the middle 7 villages. Within the past quarter century theCarpathian Basin, and Transdanubia inparticular, has been identified as one of thethe Neolithization of Europe. Archaeology,the mid to late 19th century (Trigger 1989).V. Gordan Childe, an influential early dis-from South West Asia or the Orient andthe Danube corridor. Childe, an open Marx-was indeed located in South West Asia (Bar-Yosef and Meadow 1995; Harris 1996). TheSouth West Asia, across the Anatolian Pen-Two basic mechanisms have been enlistedDiffusion … indigenous hunter-gatherersand animals, pottery, etc.). Migration anddefining and distinguishing between hunter-the process. In the case of the TransdanubiaLate Mesolithic hunter-gather population.tionary trajectories of Mesolithic hunter-nous or exogenous origins. Unfortunately, Student Conference 2004 ulations in Hungary. 2004) suggest that Mesolithic hunter-gath-Central Europe. However, minimal directhunter-gatherers has often prevented discus-hunter-gatherers to the spread of agriculturein the Transdanubian region of Hungary andEurope and Hungary, with an emphasis onTransdanubia; 2) background to the originsemphasizing Transdanubia, and their role infuture research into Mesolithic hunter-gath-Mesolithic by Róbert Kertész, Tibor Mar-ton, Eszter Bánffy, and myself. I argue thatMesolithic Hunter-gatherers and10,000 uncal. B.P. Changes in Climate hadof 10,000 B.C. Unlike many regions indence for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers inin particular, is conspicuously minimal dur-hunter-gatherers adapted to dynamic cli-Traditionally, the long term evolutionaryhunter-gatherers are generally only men-hunter-gatherers as an attractive subsistence Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers of hunter-gatherers toward a temporally andlong-term evolutionary trajectory of hunter-dence for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in theMesolithic hunter-gatherers in therequired that hunter-gatherers adopt newthe evolution of hunter-gatherer food-get-incorporated into modeling hunter-gathererhunter-gatherers were confronted with twosignificant to understanding longer-termtrends in hunter-gatherer cultural evolution.Additionally, it is likely that different com-ponents of the Late Pleistocene hunter-arrow, in usage since the Late Pleistocene,which European hunter-gatherers managedents another manner in which hunter-gath-erers may have reduced mobility (Testart1982). The intensive debate over hunter- Student Conference 2004 begin to recognize general patterns in how,when and where Mesolithic hunter-gather-tactics that these hunter-gatherers reliedever, understanding the underlying generalMaximum, 22-20,000 uncal. B.P. (B.P datesshorter, cooler periods (Würm 3, Dryas III).Between 19,000 and 17,000 uncal. B.P. theern Hungary, a particular dense cluster isgated in Transdanubia and the Jászságreindeer, horse, bison, or other large tun-2001; Dobosi and Kövecses-Varga 1991;1993). Evidence for structures/shelters andthe totality of Late Paleolithic hunter-gath-Archaeological evidence for hunter-gather-Between 15,000 and 11,000 uncal. B.P. thehunter-gatherers associated with the Mag-was the Epigravettian (Tardigravettian)cology, Sümegi et al. (2002) report thatbeginning around 15,000 uncal. B.P. por- Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers environments such as beaver, red deer, roe,deer, wild pig, and aurochs (e.g. see Bökönyigest that hunter-gatherers migrated north-research, and it is certain that some hunter-gatherer groups remained. The hunter-an Basin, like hunter-gatherers throughoutAfter 12,000 uncal. B.P. increasing temper-gi 1996; Willis, et al. 1997; Willis, et al.trees. By 10,000 uncal. B.P. (~10,000 cal.of climatic patterns (Atlantic in Transdanu-Mediterranean in southern Transdanubia),hunter-gatherers may have actively beenwere the beaver, red deer, roe, deer, wild pig,szárd-Palánk (Vértes 1962). Bökönyis andBerinkeys analyses of the faunal materialof aurochs, red deer, beaver, and fish (Vértesred deer, and aquatic resources demonstratesthe hunter-gather adaptability to a changingenvironment. Additionally, Sz Student Conference 2004 of 10,350 ±500 B.P. to SzTanya near the Tarna River (Kertész person-as, Kunpeszér-Felshunter-gatherers at the Pleistocene-Until the early 1990s the evidence forMesolithic hunter-gatherers in Hungary wasfrom Vöröstó. Two probable Mesolithic har-cutting from the Sárrét in Transdanubiathat it demonstrates affinities with WesternTechnocomplexes (Beuronian, Sauveterri-attributed to the fact that prior to the 1990s Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers Mesolithic sites in Hungary, Dobosi almost1980s that the DanubianŽ Mesolithic con-Ringer and Adams 2000; Ringer, et al. 1995;during the late 1980s and 1990s. An oftenowskisowskis syntheses of evidenceculture groups or industriesthe Carpathian Basin Mesolithic: the West-ern Technocomplex and the Late Epigravet-tian (also referred to as Tardigravettian) [see8,000 uncal. B.P., the Western Technocom-Trapeze microliths are present in the laternovian industry, the successor to the Sauvet-tral Carpathian Basin, including Transdanu-B.P. to roughly 8,000 uncal. B.P., while the Student Conference 2004 Mesolithic, lasted from 8,000 uncal. B.P. toindustry. To a large extent the perception ofowskis perception that Pleistocene-owskis con-aspects of Mesolithic hunter-gatherermore robust in regards to the Western Tech-ech-282-283]. located in Transylvania (Nicolaescu-Plop-in Transylvania. Two Mesolithic sites are known fromrounding regions (Germany, Switzerland,ic sites in Hungarian Transdanubia. In Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers South East Austria the cave sites of Tropf-Weiser 1980), Kamegg im Kamptal (Bergand an outlier site located near Vienna,Bisamberg bei Wein (Gulder 1953; Kmoch(Valoch 1963, 1978, 1985), Pribice (Valoch1975), Dolní Ve(Bárta 1960) and Tomásikovo (Bárta 1955),River. Evidence for Mesolithic occupantsfied Mesolithic sequence in the Balkans. Beginning in the late 1980s and 1990sGy. Kerékgyártó, began to sytematicallyHungarian Alföld along the Tarna andHolocene (Boreal Period) Tarna and Zagyvavary from 12-17 m to 40-50 m in diameter,and the rarer, larger sites may be compriseddifferences in the duration of stay, and thatdifferent activity areas. Significantly, a Student Conference 2004 analyses of pollen cores suggest that hunter-Jászberény II and IV, as well as, excavationsJászság Mesolithic lithic industry, or Northcantly incorporates elements of the WesternTechnocomplex (Beuronian, Sauveterrian),Balkan Epigravettian/Tardigravettianare the Western Technocomplex influencedMesolithic sites, including the Tisza ValleyTamásibice, Dolní Veice, Bisamberg bei Wien, andSites created by mobile hunter-gatherersthat hunter-gatherer populations were pres-region stands in stark contrast to Transdanu-the rest of North Central Europe. Trans-danubias role, as the secondary node for the Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers West Asia to South East EuropeFertile CrescentŽ located in South Westand southern foothills of the Taurus Moun-tains (Syria and Turkey) and Zagros Moun-1990; Vavilov 1926). Human actions ulti-and Taurus Mountains in Anatolia weremillennium B.C. (Bar-Yosef and MeadowTriticum dicoccumTriticum monoccoccumTriticum aestivumHordeumvulgareVicia erviliapresent, but were domesticated much earlier,out both Europe and South West Asia. western Turkey is the topic of currentsubsistence economy, as described by Perlès Student Conference 2004 al. 2002). Within the Carpathian Basin theevo (Hungarian Trans-¸ (Transylvania inÿevo-Kšršs-Crisüevo-Kšršs-CrisüEach is endowed with its own peculiaritiesbut the three groups are also often referredto in hyphenated form (Starcevo-Körös-Cris¸), reflecting their underlying relatednesswith in the broader Balkan Early Neolithicsphere. From the start it is important toemphasize that boundaries between thesegroups are generally not sharp, and they arebest envisioned as fuzzy boundaries. TheCris¸ culture is distributed parts of Walachiaand Transylvania in Romania (Lazarovicinortheastern Hungary, as evidenced at the¸ culture in this paper. The Körös cultureAlföld in Hungary, the Banat in Romania,(Vojvodina). The Körös culture has beention to the Körös culture. However, KaliczSerbia, Western Bosnia-Herzegovina, east-Hungary (Transdanubia). are also distributed in the Danube-Tiszainterfluvial region (Bognár-Kutzián 1977).1950s, but few of these excavations wereinformation impressionistic in character.ment structure, subsistence economy, andsurveys (MTA IV 1-Szeghalom and MTA IV Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers husbandry.defined in the late 1980s and early 1990ss´ 1969: 41;Kalicz and Makkay 1972: 82; Kozl/owski andKozl/owski 1979: 69; Kalicz 1990: 116; Virágwas presented by Arandjelovic´ and D.ern Hungary were initiated in the 1960swhen Yugoslavian archaeologists began to1970s Kalicz and Makkay were able towestern Hungary. At first they recognizedlocated in Tolna county (Kalicz and Makkayevo culture in Trandanubia. Kaliczthroughout southern Transdanubia. From the 1970s onward there has been a Student Conference 2004 additional site has been added (Virág andTransdanubia. For example, the sites andfied Neolithic Tapolca GroupŽ (Törassociated with the early Transdanubianlocation, settlement density, site size, andment density appears to be lower, the sitesTransdanubia and the Alföld preclude awas as important here [Transdanubia] as onthe AlföldŽ (Kalicz, et al. 1998: 152). It maythe AlföldŽ (Kalicz, et al. 1998: 152). It maygently elevated terrain in plains along smallstreamsŽ (Minichreiter 1992: 70). The geo-graphical location of Starcevo sites in Hun-gary is comparable to those in Slavonia;specifically, the Hungarian sites are associat-ed with terraces along the Danube River,Drava River, and Lake Balaton and relatedies of water (Kalicz 1988). Waterways almostrecognize changes in settlement density, sitefrom Slavonian into Hungarian Transdanu-(Pepelane, Vinkovci, and Zadubravlje), some Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers or circulating mobility, 2) embedded or teth-ered mobility, 3) logistical or radiatingmobility, 4) short-term sedentism, 5) short-aasszony-sziget). To date, no structure hassites … Kotacpart-Vata Tanya (Banner 1943),1967), Tiszajena house model from Röszke-Ludvár (Trog-the Tisza region was a single-room rectan-isza region was a single-room rectan-in Lenneis 2000: 388] Indirect evidence forhouses, perhaps similar to those observed atKörös culture sites, has been recovered inthe form of burnt daube and pit arrange-ments from both Gellénháza-Városrét(Simon 1996) and Vörs-Máriaasszony-sziget(Kalicz, et al. 2002: 19-20). Kalicz notes thatthe layout of pits suggests that surface struc-tures may have been present at Vörs.An entirely alternative interpretation ofStarcevo structures, dominant in the inter-pretation of Croatian sites, considers thatthe numerous excavated pits are the remainsof subsurface houses (Minichreiter 1992: 70)[see reconstruction in Minichreiter 1992:30]. The association of northern Starcevosites with pit house architecture may beamenable to theories attempting to stressMesolithic roots, but there are neither paral-lels for such architecture in the Mesolithic ofTransdanubia (largely due to absence of evi-dence), nor in the Early Transdanubian LBKregarding Alföld LBK (AVK) houses in east-ern Hungary in the early 1990s. Up to this Student Conference 2004 incidental to house construction. In Trans-pits, are known in the Early Transdanubianand Marton personal communication). Withly, it may come to pass that a diversity ofevo sites in Hungary. Two burials were(Kalicz, et al. 2002). The second burial, agrinding stone. Two burials, a child ander, as Kalicz (1988: 114-115) notes, it would Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers Triticum dicoccumTriticum monoccoccumTriticum aestivumHordeumvulgare13.56): aurochs, red deer, roe deer, and wildboar. The typical pattern observed at otherthe Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were able totices in Hungary: Without this informationand ultimately South West Asian origin forBökönyis position has been recently postu-gauge of Mesolithic-ness. Ultimately, this isdraw attention to Bökönyis (Bökönyi 1992: Student Conference 2004 favor of either interpretation; however, it isancestry.evo sites. To this I would onlyMesolithic artifacts. Transdanubian Mesolithic hunter-gatherers Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers Second, the Mesolithic Masters of Stoneaspects of the Mesolithic Masters of Stones of StoneNeolithic] tool kit can be considered thelegacy of hunter-gatherer societies.Ž (Biródiversity as an index of activity diversity,kit has little bearing on hunter-gathererindustry, which is probably similar to anunknown Mesolithic lithic industry, does lit-tle more than suggest continuity, but revealscommon, if not the only, type of materialative ceramic chronology. In his doctoralture in Transdanubia Kalicz (1988; 1990)modified Dimitrijevic´s (1974) ceramic´s Linear B, Girlandoid, and Spiraloid Aevo (Dimitrijevic´s Spi-evo phase: Becsehely I, Dombóvár-Kapos, Kaposvár-Deseda, and Harc-al. 1998), and Babarc (Bánffy 2001). Kalicz Student Conference 2004 firm Kaliczs original hypothesis and both(Spiraloid B phase). Significantly, the site of´s chronology indicates that there areassignable to Kaliczs Classic Starc´s Linear B, Girlandoid, and Spi-sites assignable to Kaliczs Late Starc´s Spiraloid B) are distributedconfidence one places in Dimitrijevic´sculture in Transdanubia and Slavonia: 1) ini-ian Transdanubia close to the Danube; andTransdanubia. evo sites throughoutTwo radiocarbon dates have been reportedevo byceramic chronology, has produced a radio-Wolfholz near Vienna. A compilation of the27 radiocarbon dates from Brunn-Wolfholzthat the neolithization of Transdanubia pro-nia and into Hungary. Many questions, per-Transdanubia, remain undiscussible in the Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers ÿevo: theevo culture weresignificant for not only Transdanubia, buttion in Transdanubia and in its place theTransdanubian Linearbandkeramik (TLBK)(also referred to as Transdanubian LinearPottery-TLP or Dunántúli VonaldíszesKerámia-DVK) culture developed. WithinWest to the Bug River in the East (Boguckipered pottery, large long houses (Lenneistle (Bogucki 1988). However, it is important81). The sites of Brunn-Wolfholz and Szent-centrality of Transdanubia to this process1970s, and similar to the research leading toevo culture in Hungary, the researchbegan outside of Hungary. earbandkeramik (LBK) culture in Germany.LBK expansion was localizable to the Trans-danubian region in western Hungary. Subse-mid 1970s the underlying framework was inSince the 1970s a number of significantsouthwest Hungary. The site of Szentgyör- Student Conference 2004 neolithization in Transdanubia. Portions of12-14). In northern Transdanubia excava-Kalicz 1992) and Szigetszentmiklós (Virág1992). Many of these sites are still in thetypology, in Transdanubia is over ninety. suggesting a role for Mesolithic hunter-vovás research on raw material distributions research on raw material distributioniciuvová 2002: 184-185]. In particular shenotes the low level presence ()of Szentgál radiolarite, a distinct red radio-larite found in the Bakony Mountains northof Lake Balaton in Hungary (Biró andDobosi 1991; Biró and Regenye 1991), at theMesolithic sites of Smolín, Pribice, and pos-sibly also Dolní Vestonice. In early LBKand the cemetery of Vedrovice. Gronenborngál radiolarite sources in Transdanubia. Theresults of Gronenborns and Mateiciuvovásnately, the robustness of connections whichevo and LBK sites in Transdanubiato suggest otherwise. However, the extent toexcluding local Mesolithic hunter-gathererneolithization of Transdanubia can beMesolithic hunter-gatherers the Starchunter-gatherers play in the initial develop-ment and expansion of LBK? It is puzzling,Transdanubia. On the other hand, one need Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers inhabitants of Transdanubia prior to andstanding of the research history, familiaritywith the artifacts (stone tools, pottery, etc.),ronment. In Transdanubia the EarlyMesolithic in particular, stand out as areas inHolocene hunter-gatherer societies. In anificant role for Mesolithic hunter-gatherersleast seeking to incorporate hunter-gather-al societies may have spread. However, nar-ing long-term trends in hunter-gathererimparities between agricultural and hunter-Transdanubia, in juxtaposition with the sig-tory. I have been fortunate to have foundgists (Dr. Eszter Bánffy, Dr. Róbert Kertész,and Tibor Marton), and we have embarkedneolithization in Transdanubia. The princi-Transdanubian Mesolithic has been: Howhigh-mobility Holocene hunter-gatherershunter-gatherers themselves, the depositionthree are in order. Student Conference 2004 paper, hunter-gatherers had to rapidly adaptMesolithic hunter-gatherer behavior wassites. To a certain extent, locations occupiedwe do not know whether Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Transdanubia produced thearchaeological investigation. However, bothgeneral models for hunter-gatherer settle-sites (Tarna and Zagyva River). In an efforthunter-gatherer settlement patterns andbehavior (Jochim 1976: 47-63; Wiessner1982, 2002; Wobst 1974). Kelly states:We need to approach archaeologyity, demography, land tenure, socialon the box. (Kelly 1995: 343) hunter-gather behavior should always besites (e.g. see Waters 1992). Fortunately, the Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers forest, pasture, etc.) of land surfaces. Hungary. Archaeological surveys conductedTransdanubia, it may be more difficult toresults of larger surveys in Veszprém Coun-ty (M.R.T.) and smaller surveys along theKapos and Koppány rivers (Torma 1963)Namely, personal experience suggests thatFinally, the recognition of Mesolithic sitesly limited to lithics. Prior to Kertészs workin the Jászság region in the 1990s there wasMesolithic Hungary, much less Transdanu-that Transdanubia, sandwiched between theinfluences of the Western TechnocomplexWestern Technocomplex: a situation sug- Student Conference 2004 Kertészs attention in the early 1990s by Mr.Viktor Cziráki. In the fall of 2003 we organ-the Kapos River. Belecska-2 was deemedscatter. Kurd-2 was identified as a larger con-collected by Mr. Cziráki for approximately15 years, and he brought the site to Kertészslighting conditions and weather, but Mr.ther study. These materials are currently inTransdanubian Mesolithic assemblage maylater periods; however, this practice ignoresic people for basketry, clothing, and shelter.site in early April of 2004. We were able tocultures is minimal to non-existent. We are Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers fied and collected by Mr. Antál Trombitás inthe early 1950s. In the middle 1950s Mr.Trombitás brought the site to the attentionpl-Rónai Museum in Kaposvár. The site hasMesolithic site in Transdanubia (e.g.Pusztais article (1957: 97), there are twooriginates. However, we encountered someThe eastern site on Pusztais map, apparent-abandoned meander of the Kapos River, wascovered in pasture. With help from the goodlocate Mr. Trombitás, now 74 years old andliving in Kaposvár. Mr. Trombitás informeding in the army, László Vertés had selectedBudapest. Furthermore, Mr. Trombitásregarding Pusztais mention of more thanRippl-Rónai Museum. Mr. Trombitás hastion. We are planning to conduct small scaleFinally, we our research program alsofrom sites in countries adjacent to Hungary.ments and trapezes). Tibor Marton later Student Conference 2004 the question of who was involved. Certainly,hension do not exist in archaeology. The dif-of Transdanubia and Europe. The steps mythis past year. My advisors in Hungary, Dr.Eszter Bánffy and Dr. Róbert Kertész, aswell as, my colleague Tibor Marton havemade access to museum collections reality. Mr. William J. Eichmann. Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers aninBánffy, E.2000aThe Late Starcevo and the Earliest Linear PotteryGroups in Western Transdanubia. 2000bNeue Daten zur Enstehung der Bandkeramiked by S. Hiller and V. Nikolov, pp. 375-382, Wein.2000cStarcevo und/oder LBK? Varia Neolithica2001Neue Funde der Starcevo-Kultur in Südtransdanu-ed by F. Drasovean, pp. 41-58. vol. 15. Museum BanaticumTemesiense, Timisoara.Banner, J.1943Az ÚjabbkArchaeological SurveyMethod, Theory, and Technique. 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