Nominative (the subject) - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Nominative (the subject)

The subject performs the verb action

.

Nouns have to AGREE with verbs

Singular nouns use singular verbs

Plural nouns use plural verbs

Latin is an INFLECTED language: changing the inflection at the end of a word changes how it is used in the sentence. In Latin word order is less important than the inflected endings

Slide2

Singular vs Plural

Singular

subjects have singular verbs

1

st

declension ends in –a

2

nd

declension ends in –us or –r

3

rd

declension has various endings

Plural

subjects have plural verbs

1

st

declension ends in –

ae

2

nd

declension ends in –

i

3

rd

declension ends in -

es

Slide3

The Nominative endings:

DECLENSION

1

st

2

nd

3

rd

SINGULAR

-a

-

us, -r

?

PLURAL

-

ae

-

i

-

es

Slide4

Nominative

Subjects

and

complements

both use the nominative case.

Aqua

in

piscin

ā

est

frigida

.

Cornelius

est

senator

Romanus

.

Mater

est

laeta

.

When the nominative comes after a form of the verb “to be” it is called a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE

Slide5

Accusativum (aka Obiectum)

The direct object receives the action of the verb.

I know

you

.

The singular accusative ends in an

–m

.

1

st

declension ends in

–am

.

2

nd

declension ends in –

um

.

3

rd

declension ends in –

em

.

Plural accusative always ends in an –

s

.

1

st

declension ends in –

as

.

2

nd

declension ends in –

os

.

3

rd

declension ends in –

es

.

Slide6

Describe these pictures in as much detail as you can, using the nominative and accusative cases.

Slide7

Casus Genitivus

Used to show possessor

-ae / -arum

= 1

st

declension

-

i / -orum

= 2

nd

declension

-

is / -um

= 3

rd

declension

Translate “of” or with apostrophe

It must be next to the noun it possesses (usually follows it).

Must be learned for vocabulary

Tells what declension a noun is

Shows the base of the word

Slide8

Describe in detail one of these pictures using genitives, both singular and plural, from all three declensions.

Slide9

The Dictionary Entry for Nouns

filia, fili , f., daughter

ae

Nominative (usually singular)

Genitive

(usually singular)

Tells us what declension the noun is

-ae = 1st declension-i = 2nd declension-is = 3rd declensionBy dropping this ending, we know what the base of the noun is.

Gender

English meaning

fili

us

, fili , m.

son

i

soror

, soror , f. sister

is

mater, matr , f. mother

is

Slide10

Casus Ablativus

Is used with Latin prepositions

e / ex

Sub

in

cum

Can be used without a Latin preposition (“naked ablative”). Translate using “by”, “with”, “from”, or “in”.

Slide11

Casus Ablativus Nudus

Naked Ablatives:

by, with, from ,in

Means / instrument: answers Latin question

Quo instrumento?

The tool the subject uses goes in the ablative case without a preposition.

Time: answers Latin question

Quando?

Tells when the action of the sentence takes place.

Slide12

Ablatives tell us:Where (using prepositional phrases) Davus in fossā stat. Geta e villā effugit.What time (naked ablative)Brevi tempore Cornelia est defessa. Cornelia in villā aestate habitat.What was used (naked ablative)Pueri puellas vocibus terrent. Marcus lupum ramo repellit.In what manner the action was done.Davus magnā voce clamat.

Slide13

Describe these pictures using ablatives of tool, time, and with prepositions.

Slide14

Praepositiones

Prepositional phrases usually describe physical location or movement direction.

Prepositions are used

with only two cases

: ablative and accusative.

Most prepositions “take” the accusative. The ones we have learned are

ad, per,

prope

, and

in

(“into”)

.

There are only 9 prepositions that “take” the ablative. The ones we have learned are

sub, e/ex

,

and

in

(“in / on”),

cum

.

In a sentence, keep the preposition and it’s noun next to each other.

Slide15

Write sentences about these pictures using as many prepositional phrases as you can.

Praepositiones ablativo serviunt.

e / ex sub cum in

Praepositiones accusativo serviunt.

prope per in ad

Slide16

Vocative Case

Is used when calling someone by name.

It’s endings are identical to the nominative except for the 2

nd

declension singular:

-us nouns have a vocative ending of –e.

-ius nouns have a vocative ending of –i.

Watch your verb endings in sentences with vocatives. The subject of the sentence could be “you” or “y’all”.

Slide17

The vocative case is used when directly addressing someone by name.

Quid facis, Flavia? Quid facitis, ancillae? Abite, molesti pueri!Cur nihil facitis, servi ignavi!Pater! Nuntius in villā est!Senatores! Tempus est ad urbem redire.Cave, Sexte! Descende, Sexte!Scribisne epistulas, Corneli?

What other case has endings identical to the vocative? Can you spot the exception?

Slide18

Miscellania

All nouns have gender: masculine, feminine, and we will learn neuter at a later date

Nouns we have met fall into 3 declensions

Adjectives have to have the same gender and number as the noun they modify.

Pater occupatus

Ancillae strenuae

Servi defessi

Slide19

Verbum

Verba have singular and plural endings.

They change number according to their subject.

They can be transitive and take a direct object.

Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object, so don’t even look for one!

Slide20

Personal Endings

Latin uses personal endings on its verbs instead of separate pronoun subjects as English does.The Latin personal endings correspond to the same pronoun subjects that English uses.A Latin verb has its subject built in to the verb. It is not necessary to have a subject noun or pronoun for a Latin sentence.But most importantly….READ A LATIN VERB BACKWARDS!

I

youhe/she/itwey’allthey

-m or –o-s-t-mus-tis-nt

consulimus = we consult

nos

Slide21

Look at the ENDof your Latin verb!

Read a Latin verb “backwards”

indui

mus

=

we

put on

excita

s

=

you

awaken

intra

tis

=

y’all

enter

mus

s

tis

Slide22

o

mus

nt

tis

t

s

mus

s

mus

t

s

mus

tis

Slide23

Do you remember these categories of verbs? Let’s give them names.

portāreportoportasportatportamusportatisportant

timēretimeotimestimettimemustimetistiment

surgeresurgosurgissurgitsurgimussurgitissurgunt

arripere arripio arripis arripit arripimus arripitis arripiunt

audireaudioaudisauditaudimusauditisaudiunt

Which conjugation / category do the following verbs follow?excitāre, conspicere, docēre, agere, induere, intrāre, venire?

1st conjugation

2nd conjugation

3rd conjugation

3rd – i conjugation

4

th

conjugation

Slide24

Imperatives

The special verb form to give a command is called an

imperative

.

The imperative verb has no subject (“you” understood).

Singular imperatives

are used when giving a command to

one person

.

Imperatives singular are formed by dropping the –re off the infinitive form.

Plural imperatives

are used when giving a command to

two or more people

.

Imperatives plural are formed in the 1

st

, 2

nd

, & 4

th

conjugations by adding –te to the singular form.

Imperatives plural in the 3

rd

conjugation end in –ite.

Slide25

Infinitivum

Can never be the only verb in a sentence.It is usually introduced by verbs such as:vultpotestnecesse estamattimetparatIt is called complementary because it completes the meaning of the sentence.

Cornelius multas epistulas

scribere

vult.

Slide26

Write a story about this picturing using the following guidelines:

Tell the story from the viewpoint of one of the characters, using “I”, “we”, and “you” verbs.Include at least one genitiveInclude three uses of the ablative:Ablative with a Latin prepositionAblative of time (naked abl)Ablative of tool (naked abl)Include the following vocabulary: amicus fero, ferre invenio, invenire traho, trahere bonus, bona miser, misera absum, abest area quamquam cum

ursus, ursi, m.

bear

porcellus, porcelli, m.

piglet

Ior, ioris, m.

Eyore

tigris, tigris, m.

tiger