The Byzantine Empire PowerPoint Presentation, PPT

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610-1070. Strains on the Empire. Avars. Slavs. Persians. And after 632 the Muslims. Heraclius. Came to power amid military disaster. Avars. , Slavs, and Persians were all attacking the empire at once. ID: 311324

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The Byzantine Empire

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The Byzantine Empire
610-1070
Strains on the Empire
Avars
Slavs
Persians
And after 632 the Muslims
Heraclius
Came to power amid military disaster
Avars
, Slavs, and Persians were all attacking the empire at once
Raised enough money from the church to wage war on the Persians in 622
This left the army financially depleted and the military was exhausted
The Byzantine empire was not ready for other invaders…
Unfortunately the Muslims began to move in at just this time
Territorial Losses to Muslims
It was a century before the Byzantines could take the offensive
In the process they lost Syria and Egypt
Was this a positive or negative for the Empire?
Military Revival under Leo III
Finally in 717 and 718 Leo III beat back a Muslim attack on Constantinople.
This ushered in the 9
th
and 10
th
century rulers known as
The Great Warrior Emperors
They defeated the
Bulgars
in the Balkan Peninsula (modern day Bulgaria)
The 9
th
and 10
th
centuries were a time of wealth, stability, and artistic glory.
0
Leo III
1
PAUSE!
Story time…The
Varangian
Gaurd
2
In 988, the Byzantine Empire was convulsed in one of its all-too-frequent civil wars. The Emperor, young
Basil II,
appealed to Vladimir the Great, Prince of Kiev for assistance. In return for the hand of Basil’s sister, Anna, in marriage the
Rus
sent 6,000 warriors to assist Basil against his enemies. At the battles of
Chrysopolis
and Abydos, Basil’s
Varangians
played a key role in defeating the rebel armies and guaranteeing Basil’s reign
.
3
Not trusting the traditional Byzantine guard units to keep his person safe, Basil retained these fierce warriors as his new bodyguard; quartering them at the Imperial Palace at Constantinople. Basil christened this new unit the
Tágma
tōn
Varángōn
, the “
Varangian
Guard”. (Though there is some dispute as to when this name actually came into use: the first written mention does not occur until 1034, some forty five years later).
Though the Byzantines used the word
Varangian
to indicate any Scandinavian/
Rus
warrior, the word likely derives from the Old Norse, ‘
var
’, meaning “pledge”. Thus the
Varangians
were the “pledged men” of the Emperor’s guard.
4
5
Leo III and Iconoclasm
Leo III stabilized the military but his religious policies tore the empire apart
Iconoclasm: image breaking
Why did Leo III take this view to images? What was it influenced by?
6
7
Results of Iconoclasm
Helped to widen Eastern and Western Churches
Part of the reason the Pope named Pepin the Short as king of the Franks, he needed his protection
8
Byzantine Diplomacy
The position of the emperor was sacred
He was a holy figure and head of the state
Despite this his theological role was limited
He had absolute
authority
with the help of a civil service
10% tariff on trade
Profit from state monopolies
9
The Eastern and Western Churches
EASTGreek OrthodoxHoly Spirit comes only from the fatherDivorce because of adulteryMarried men can be priests, not bishopsWelcomed vernacular languagesChurches developed in isolation
WEST
Roman Catholic
Holy Spirit comes from the Father and the Son
No divorce
No marriage between priests or bishops
Did not welcome vernaculars
Churches developed with centralized control
0
1
Missionary Activities
The two churches came into direct conflict in the Balkans.
862- Cyril and Methodius were sent by the Eastern Church to convert the Slavs.
Cyril developed a Slavonic script based on the Greek alphabet called the
Cyrillic Alphabet
The Western church relied on Frankish rulers to expand the boundaries
2
3
4
Byzantine Economy, Society, and Culture
Where did the population live?
How were trade and manufacturing doing?
What were some key Byzantine products?
What was the role of women?
5
The Bezant
6
Education
A Palace School
: primarily for laymen, it trained civil servants in language, law, and rhetoric
A Patriarchal School:
instructed priests in rhetoric and theology
Monastic School:
taught young monks
Everyone else learned from their guilds
7
Art and Architecture
Iconoclasm was rejected in the 9
th
century and pictures made their way back into art
Byzantine artists were summoned all over
8
What their art tells us
1. Emperor is an august figure
2. Christ is never suffering, fully God
3. No movement in mosaics which shows human frailty
9
Emperor as Augustus
0
Christ Without Pain
1
Static Human Figures
2
The Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1. Social Transformation
2. Defense of the Empire
3. The Seljuk Turks
3
Social Transformation
It went from a disciplined society of peasant warriors under a strong central government to a society with dependent peasantry, strong landlords, and a weak central government.
4
Defense
The Empire lost their peasant defense and had to turn to mercenaries that were not reliable. In many cases the mercenaries overthrew emperors (
Varangians
)
But they did have Greek Fire!
5
6
The Seljuk Turks
Penetrated beyond the Eastern borders of the Empire into Asia Minor
They shattered the Mercenary Army
They took the Emperor captive in 1071
Suleiman then established his home right outside Constantinople in
Nicea
7
8
9