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The Brain Module 4 1 The Brain: The Brain Module 4 1 The Brain:

The Brain Module 4 1 The Brain: - PowerPoint Presentation

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The Brain Module 4 1 The Brain: - PPT Presentation

Older Brain Structures The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull It is responsible for automatic survival functions 2 Brainstem ID: 784566

cortex brain lobe brainstem brain cortex brainstem lobe left https visual brain

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Slide1

The BrainModule 4

1

Slide2

The Brain: Older Brain StructuresThe Brainstem

is

the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

2

Slide3

BrainstemThe Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing.

3

Slide4

Brainstem--PONSAppears just above the medullaHelps coordinate movementsHouses nerve circuits that regulate sleep and dreaming cycle.Also acts as the “bridge” that connects the brain stem to the cerebellum.4

Slide5

BrainstemThe Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

5

Slide6

6Brainstem

Reticular Formation

is

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

Slide7

CerebellumThe “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

Slide8

The BrainA brain lesion experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction.

8

Techniques to Study the Brain

Hubel (1990)

Slide9

Clinical ObservationClinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being catalogued.9

Tom Landers/ Boston Globe

Slide10

Electroencephalogram (EEG)An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

10

AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

Slide11

PET Scan11PET (positron emission tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task.

Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

Slide12

MRI Scan12MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. Top images show ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a participants lies

.

fMRI

-reveals function as well as structure

.

https://

aeon.co/videos/contestants-have-five-minutes-in-an-fmri-to-love-someone-as-hard-as-they-can

Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH

James

Salzano

/

Salzano

Photo

Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations

Slide13

The Limbic SystemThe Limbic System is

a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

13

Slide14

AmygdalaThe Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

14

Slide15

HypothalamusThe Hypothalamus lies below (hypo

) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Governs the 4F’s

15

Slide16

Lateral hypothalamus: “Lunch!”(Involved in “hunger messages”)

V

entromedial hypothalamus: “

V

omit!!!”

(The “satiety center”; “You’ve had enough!”)

16

Slide17

Reward CenterRats cross an electrified grid for self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the reward (hypothalamus) center (top picture). When the limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb up a tree (bottom picture).17

Sanjiv Talwar, SUNY Downstate

Slide18

HippocampusProcesses memoryConnects your present to your past and remember the location of things in space.18

Slide19

The Cerebral CortexThe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

19

Slide20

Structure of the CortexEach brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe

(forehead),

parietal lobe

(top to rear head),

occipital lobe (back head) and

temporal lobe

(side of head).

Slide21

Functions of the CortexThe Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex

(parietal cortex) receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

21

Slide22

Frontal LobesHigher Mental functionsIncludes the motor CortexPre-frontal Cortex—decision-making and reasoning skillsPhineas Gage.http://learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=159222

https://

youtu.be/UFHMKRElkSY

Slide23

Parietal LobesSensory (somatosensory) CortexRight Lobe: helps keep track of your body parts.Left Lobe: specialized in locating the source of speech sounds, as when someone calls your name.It also works with the temporal lobe to extract meaning from speech, and writing.23

Slide24

Occipital LobeYou have eyes in the back of your head!!Receives stimulation relayed from the eyes to the visual cortex, which constructs our moving picture of the outside world.24

Slide25

Temporal LobesAuditory CortexHelps make sense of sounds.25

Slide26

Visual FunctionThe functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.

26

Courtesy of V.P. Clark, K. Keill, J. Ma. Maisog, S. Courtney, L.G.

Ungerleider, and J.V. Haxby,

National Institute of Mental Health

Slide27

Auditory FunctionThe functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.

27

Slide28

Language28

Aphasia

is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to

Broca’s

area

(impaired speaking) or to

Wernicke’s area

(impaired understanding

) or in the

Angular Gyrus

that leaves people unable to read aloud.

Slide29

Specialization & Integration

Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

29

Slide30

The Brain’s Plasticity

The

brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences.

Plasticity

refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness

.

Our Brains are more plastic when we are children

Constraint-Induced Therapy

Neurogenesis: formation of new

neurons

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaDlLD97CLM-

Brain Plasticity the story of Jody

https://

www.ted.com/talks/sandrine_thuret_you_can_grow_new_brain_cells_here_s_how

30

Slide31

Our Divided BrainOur brain is divided into two hemispheres.

The left hemisphere processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain

.

31

Slide32

Splitting the BrainA procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them

.

*band of fibers that connect/carry the messages between the hemispheres.

32

Corpus Callosum

Martin M. Rother

Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa

Slide33

Split Brain PatientsWith the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc

33

Slide34

Divided Consciousness34

Slide35

Try This!35

Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand,

simultaneously

https

://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/split-brain

/

BBC

Slide36

Non-Split Brains36People with intact brains also show left-right hemispheric differences in mental abilities.

A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing a perceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic task.