Chap 1. NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Chap 1.NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGYByBalaji NiwlikarSp college,puneEP 101: COGNITIVE PROCESSES (Credits 4)1https://www.careershodh.com/

2. OBJECTIVES1. To acquaint the students with the processes involved in sensation and perception2. To develop insight into one’s own and others’ behavior and underlying mental processes,3. To enrich students’ understanding of major concepts, theoretical perspectives, and empirical findings in cognitive psychology.2https://www.careershodh.com/

3. Psychology Psychology ?Greek-- psych =mind/ spirit /soul logia= study ofWhat is psychology?Study of mind and behaviour. Schools of psychologyStructuralism- Wundt’s focus on what the elemental components of the mind are rather than on the question of why the mind works as it does. He used introspection.Functionalism- William James regarded psychology’s mission to be the explanation of our experience.Behaviorism - John Watson . Observable behavior . Conditioning.Gestalt psychology- 1911 in Frankfurt, Germany, at a meeting of three psychologists: Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler (Murray, 1988). (a German ‘Gestalt= configuration’).mainly perception and problem solving,3https://www.careershodh.com/

4. Cognition What is cognition ?Cognition = “knowing”.Cognition means acquisition , storage ,transform, and use of knowledge.Conscious mental activity like understanding , learning ,etc .(Merrium –Webster dictionary )Cognition involves all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used (Neisser).Attention - mentally focusing on some stimulus. Perception – interpreting sensory information to yield meaningful information.Pattern recognition- classifying a stimulus into a known category. In recognizing the shape as something familiar.Memory - the storage facilities and retrieval of information .Recall cognitive processes are involved here too, Reasoning - using various strategies or techniques .Problem solvingYour success or failure at any task may also depend on knowledge representation.LanguageDecision making4https://www.careershodh.com/

5. Cognitive PsychologyCognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. The core focus of cognitive psychology is on how people acquire, process and store information.Cognitive psychology is concerned with internal mental states. And it uses scientific research methods to study mental processes.The scientific study of the human mind and information processing.Scientific study: Based on the experimental method, empirical, scientific.Information processing: Information comes from the environment, is stored briefly, some is selected for additional processing, something is done to it, it may result in some additional behavior5https://www.careershodh.com/

6. Cognitive Psychology: DefinitionCognitive psychology focuses on the way humans process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person (what behaviorists would call stimuli), and how this treatment leads to responses.Cognitive psychology is on how people acquire, process and store information.‘’Cognitive psychology is branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use, and communicate information’’ (Neisser, 1967).Cognitive psychology is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.Assumption -The mind works in a way similar to a computer: inputting, storing and retrieving data.During and following World War II , psychologists reject the behaviorist assumption ‘mental events and states were beyond the realm of scientific study’/ ‘mental representations did not exist’. And they mainly focus on observable behaviors .This is called as cognitive revolution, a new series of psychological investigations, was mainly focus on internal mental /brain states.6https://www.careershodh.com/

7. Cognitive Psychology: DefinitionCognitivism is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think.Cognitivism adopts precise quantitative analysis to study how people learn and think like behaviorism; emphasizes internal mental processes like Gestaltism.Tolman (1948) work on cognitive maps – training rats in mazes, showed that animals had internal representation of behavior.Birth of Cognitive Psychology often dated back to George Miller’s (1956) “The Magical Number 7 Plus or Minus 2.”Ulric Neisser (1967) publishes "Cognitive Psychology", which marks the official beginning of the cognitive approach. He used the term cognitive psychology" Some pioneer researchers Gustav Fechner , Wilhelm Wundt, Edward B. Titchener , Hermann Ebbinghaus, William James, Wolfgang Kohler , Edward Tolman ,Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, David Rumelhart, James McClelland, Vygotsky ,etc .7https://www.careershodh.com/

8. Cognitive Psychology: DomainsCognitive Neuroscience- is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain.Attention- how we actively process specific information present in our environment.Perception- is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment.Memory- a process of retaining information over time. And it as the ability to use our past experiences to determine our future path.Mental Imagery- pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input.Developmental Psychology-  is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan..8https://www.careershodh.com/

9. Cognitive Psychology: DomainsConcept formation- Concepts are the categorization of objects, events, or people that share common properties. By using concepts, we are able to organize complex notions into simpler, and therefore more easily usable forms. Concept formation is the process by which we learn to form classes of things, event, people, and so forth.Human intelligence- is the intellectual capacity of humans, which is characterized by perception, consciousness, self-awareness, and volition. Intelligence enables humans to remember descriptions of things and use those descriptions in future behaviors.Artificial Intelligence- is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of the academic field of study which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.Metacognition - the thoughts that a person has about their own thoughts. Includes -1 .How effective a person is at monitoring their own performance. 2. A person's understanding of their mental processes .3. The ability to apply cognitive strategies/ styles .9https://www.careershodh.com/

10. Cognitive Psychology: DomainsThinkingPattern RecognitionRepresentation of KnowledgeLanguage10https://www.careershodh.com/

11. Trends in the Study of Cognitioncognitive scienceIn 1970s ,the question was , How information is acquired, processed, stored, and transmitted; and how knowledge is represented.Scholars from fields such as cognitive psychology, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology, recognizing their mutual interests, came together to found an interdisciplinary field known as cognitive science. Gardner (1985) even gave this field a birth date— September 11, 1956—when several founders of the field attended a symposium on information theory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).Cognitive Neuropsychology--Another approach to studying cognitive issues comes from clinical work.(Ellis & Young, 1988) study cognitive deficits in certain brain-damaged individuals.11https://www.careershodh.com/

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