Glen T Daigger PhD PE BCEE NAE Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer Presented at the Arizona Water Association Wastewater Treatment Committee Seminar New Directions in Wastewater Treatment ID: 792973
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Slide1
The Future of Nutrient Removal
Glen T. Daigger, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE
Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer
Presented at the Arizona Water Association Wastewater Treatment Committee Seminar New Directions in Wastewater Treatment
October 21, 2014
Phoenix, AZ
Slide2As Yogi Berra Used to Say:Ah, Predictions. Very Difficult. Especially About
the Future.
Slide3The Available Information Indicates That Increasingly Stringent Nutrient Control Will be Needed in the Future
Slide4Scientists* Estimate That We Are Crossing Planetary Boundaries; New Technologies and Approaches Require to Return to
Sustainabiltiy
Biodiversity Loss
Nutrients
Nitrogen
PhosphorusClimate ChangeChemical Pollution (Not Yet Quantified)
* Rockström, et al., Nature, 461|24, September, 2009, 472-475.
Slide5Coastal Hypoxic Zone “Hot Spots” Correlate with Human Population
Diaz, R. J.,
et al.
, “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems,”
Science
, 321, 926-929, 2008.
Slide6National Nutrient-Related Listings and TMDLs
John
Goodin
, Watershed Branch Chief US EPA , February 15, 2011 Nutrient TMDL Workshop New Orleans, LA
Slide7EPA Ecoregions Form the Basis for Development of Nutrient Criteria
Ecoregion
I: Willamette and Central Valleys
Ecoregion
II: Western Forested Mountains
Ecoregion
III: Xeric West
Ecoregion
IV: Great Plains Grass and
Shrublands
Ecoregion
V: South Central Cultivated Great Plains
Ecoregion
VI: Corn Belt And Northern Great Plains
Ecoregion
VII: Mostly Glaciated Dairy Region
Ecoregion VIII: Nutrient-Poor, Largely Glaciated Upper Midwest and NortheastEcoregion IX: Southeastern Temperate Forested Plains and HillsEcoregion X: Texas-Louisiana Coastal and Mississippi Alluvial PlainsEcoregion XI: The Central and Eastern Forested Uplands Ecoregion XII: Southeastern Coastal PlainEcoregion XIII: Southern Florida Coastal PlainEcoregion XIV: Eastern Coastal Plain
http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/nutrients/ecoregions/ecoregions_rivers_index.cfm
Slide8Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Some Ecoregions in Arizona
Region
All or Part of the States of:
TP (
μ
g/L)TN (μg/L)
TypicalRange
Typical
Range
Rivers and Streams
II
Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, South Dakota, New Mexico,
Arizona
10
3-32.5
120
0-530IIIWashington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas21.8810-55380220-900Lakes and ReservoirsIIWashington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, South Dakota, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas8.85.3-21.5100100-800IIIWashington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas173-17240150-1,440http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/nutrients/ecoregions/ecoregions_rivers_index.cfm
Slide9Proposed Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Florida
Region/Type
of Water
TN (
μ
g/L)TP (μg/L)Colored Lakes11,27050Clear Lakes (High Alkalinity)21,05031Clear Lakes (Low Alkalinity)3500
11Panhandle East Flowing Waters1,03018Panhandle West Flowing Waters670
6
North Central Flowing Waters
1,870
30
West Central Flowing Waters
1,650
49
Peninsula
Flowing Waters
1,54012Springs3404-1 Long-term Color > 40 Pt-Co2 Long-term Color ≤ 40 Pt-Co and Alkalinity > 20 mg/L CaCO3.3 Long-term Color ≤ 40 Pt-Co and Alkalinity ≤ 20 mg/L CaCO3 .4 Nitrate-Nitrogen.U.S. EPA. 2010. Economic Analysis of Final Water Quality Standards for Nutrients for Lakes and Flowing Waters in Florida. Washington, DC: EPA Office of Water.
Slide10Full-Scale Plant Performance Suggests That Stringent Effluent TP Performance Can be Achieved
Slide11WERF Results Suggest Methodology for Defining Performance Capabilities
Proposal Suggested by Neethling, et al (2009)
Technology Performance Statistics (best, median, reliable)
Best:
TPS-14d
representing the 3.84
th
percentile
Median: 50
th
percentile
Reliable: 90, 95, 99
th
, etc percentile depending on the permit averaging period and the reliability required by the owner/operator – 95
th
of daily or monthly values used here
Neethling, JB; Stensel, H.D.; Parker, D.S.; Bott, C.B.; Murthy, S.; Pramanik, A.; Clark, D. (2009) What is the Limit of Technology (LOT)? A Rational and Quantitative Approach. Proceedings of the WEF Nutrient Removal Conference, Washington DC, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, Virginia.
Slide12WERF Results Document Capabilities of Existing Full-Scale Plants
Slide13Three Categories of Phosphorus Removal Plants Were Identified
Slide14Iowa Hills WRF is a 1.5 MGD Single Point Chemical/Nitrifying Plant
Slide1530-Day Rolling Average Time Series and Daily Probability Distribution Effluent TP for Iowa Hills WRF
Slide16Pinery WWTP is a 2 MGD Bio/Chem
P and Nitrogen Removal Plant
Slide1730-Day Rolling Average Time Series and Daily Probability Distribution Effluent TP for Pinery
WWTP
Slide18F. Wayne Hill WRC is a 20 MGD Multi-Stage Chemical P and Nitrification Plant
Slide1930-Day Rolling Average Time Series and Daily Probability Distribution Effluent TP for F. Wayne Hill WRC
Slide20ASA AWTF is a 54 MGD Multi-Stage Chemical P and High Level TN Removal Plant
Slide2130-Day Rolling Average Time Series and Daily Probability Distribution Effluent TP for ASA AWTF
Slide22Phosphate Recovery, as Contrasted with Phosphorus Removal, is Developing Rapidly
Slide23Phosphorus is a Necessary Nutrient for Human Life
Essential Element of All Life Forms:
Genetic Material, ATP, Bones
Average Human Body Contains 650g of Phosphorus.
A Primary Nutrient Required for Plant Growth
Detergents, Pharmaceuticals, Flame Retardant, etc.No Substitutes in Nature
Slide24Worldwide Phosphorus Reserves and Production Concentrated in Few Countries
China
Morocco
S. Africa
USA
Vaccari, 2009
Slide25Phosphorus is Not Really Lost But Becomes Unavailable in Human Terms
Human
WWTP
Plants
Industry
Agriculture
Rivers,
Oceans
Sediments
Phosphate
rock
Discharge
Sedimentation
Tectonic
uplift
Fertilization
Weathering
Runoff
Mining
Cornel
et al
(2009)
Phosphorus Resources are Declining both in
Quality and Accessibility
Availability of High
Q
uality
P:
100 Years
G
lobally
40 Year in the US
Poor Quality
S
ources
Have
I
ncreasing
Amounts
of Contaminants (
Cd
, U, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn)
Higher Cost of Recovery
Detergent
Slide26Phosphorus Distribution in Domestic Waste
Primary Sludge
10-15%
EBPR or Chem - P Removal
35-50%
Effluent
10%
Feces
33%
Urine
67%
Secondary
Sludge
25-40%
Sludge 90%
400,000 Tons/Year of Phosphorus in US Sewage
Slide27In Addition to Biosolids Use:
Solids Separation
Chemical desorption
Magnetic separation
Slide28Potential Locations for P Recovery
Aerobic
Primary
Clarifier
Final
Clarifier
Anaerobic
Digester
Dewatering
Incineration
RAS
RAS
WAS
P
P
P
Centrate/Filtrate
P
Ash
P
P
Primary
Sludge
Slide29Demonstrated and Currently Used Phosphorus Removal Technologies Include:
Technology
Feed Stream
Product
External Inputs
CrystalactorRASCaPO4Lime, sand PhoStripRASCaPO4
LimeOstaraCentrate, filtrateStruviteMgCl, NaOH
Ostara
WAS
Struvite
MgCl, NaOH
Multiform Harvest
Centrate, filtrate
Struvite
MgCl, NaOH
Slide30Some Evolving Phosphorus Recovery Technologies Include:
Technology
Origin
Feed Stream
Product
External InputsKREPOSwedenPrimary sludge
Ferric PhosphateHeat, pressure, H
2
SO
4
, NaOH
Seaborne
Germany
Digested sludge
Struvite
Heat, H
2SO4, NaOH, Mg(OH)2KemicondSwedenPrimary sludgeFerric PhosphateH2SO4, H2O2, polymerBioConDenmarkIncinerator ashH3PO4H2SO4, ion-exchangeSEPHOSGermanyIncinerator ash
AlPO
4
, Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
H
2
SO
4
, NaOH, Ca
2+
Adsorption
Japan
Effluent
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
Acid , NaOH, Ca
2+
Slide31Struvite
Precipitation is Being Implemented at Numerous Full-Scale Plants
Slide32Uncontaminated
Organic
Matter
Nutrients
Wastewater Separation Creates Nutrient (and Energy) Recovery Options
Slide33Partial Nitritation and
Deammonification
Offer Potential for Significant Energy and Carbon Savings
Slide34A: Complete Nitrification/Denitrification:
by AOBs, NOBs, Heterotrophs
B:
Nitritation
/
Denitritation:by AOBs, Heterotrophs
C: Partial Nitritation/
Anammox
:
by AOBs, Autotrophic
Anammox
Partial
Nitritation
and
Anammox
Saves Oxygen and Carbon
Slide35Kg/Kg NH
3
-N
58 %
Savings
100 %
Savings
83 %
Savings
Partial
Nitritation
and
Anammox
Saves Energy, Carbon, and Less
Biosolids
Slide36Hydrocyclone
Retains
Anammox
Granular Bacteria
Slide37Other Biological Treatment Systems, Such as Aerobic Granular Sludge, are Also Becoming Available
Slide38Granules are Large, Dense, Rapidly Settling Aggregates
Slide39Granules are Large, Dense, Rapidly Settling Aggregates
Slide40Granule Density Creates DO Gradient Which Allows BNR to Occur
Slide41Operating Cycle Can Result in Development of Aerobic and Anoxic/Anaerobic Zones in Granules
Slide42When We Have Treated the Water to These Levels, Why Don’t We Just Use it Again?
Slide43The Future of Nutrient Removal
Glen T. Daigger, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE
Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer
Presented at the Arizona Water Association Wastewater Treatment Committee Seminar New Directions in Wastewater Treatment
October 21, 2014
Phoenix, AZ
Slide44Number of Clean Water Act Nutrient-Impaired Waters by State
John
Goodin
, Watershed Branch Chief US EPA , February 15, 2011 Nutrient TMDL Workshop New Orleans, LA
Slide45Number of Clean Water Act Nutrient-Related TMDLs by State
John
Goodin
, Watershed Branch Chief US EPA , February 15, 2011 Nutrient TMDL Workshop New Orleans, LA
Slide46Nutrient-Related 303(d) Listings by Parent Category
John
Goodin
, Watershed Branch Chief US EPA , February 15, 2011 Nutrient TMDL Workshop New Orleans, LA
Slide47Nutrient-Related TMDLs by Parent Category
John
Goodin
, Watershed Branch Chief US EPA , February 15, 2011 Nutrient TMDL Workshop New Orleans, LA
Slide48Data Summary Illustrates Performance of Existing Plants
Slide49