بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم صدق الله العلي العظيم

Transcript:بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم صدق الله العلي العظيم:
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم صدق الله العلي العظيم Toxicity of fluoride Dr. Rihab Abdul Hussein Ali B.D.S , M.Sc. , PhD. For more than 6 decades, fluoride has been the first line of defense against caries. After years of laboratory research, animal experiments, and clinical trials, researchers now have a good idea how fluoride works to prevent tooth decay. They have also learned more about how fluoride interferes with a number of host biological processes. Clinicians should be aware of the total daily fluoride intake to which their patients are exposed. Once the background exposure is known, side effects can be minimized while ensuring maximum anti-caries benefit is attained Fluoride toxicity: refers to excess fluoride ingestion involving acute or chronic form. Sources of excess systemic fluoride Water, beverages, and food: Fluoride is the thirteenth most abundance element in the earth’s crust and occurs naturally in ocean water at levels of about 1.3 ppm , up to15 ppm in ground water, and up to 2,000 ppm in soil. Certain foods contain more fluoride than others. Dark tea, for example, is enriched in fluoride and can range between 3 and 6 ppm. Accidental fluoridation overfeeds have resulted in acute fluoride poisoning, and could result in death in addition there have been accidental exposures of the concentrated fluoridation chemicals that have resulted in severe acute fluoride chemical burns and life-threatening squeal. In past years, skin burns of this type were common for many water engineers who emptied drums of fluoride agents into the hoppers feeding water supplies. Medicines: In addition to fluoride supplements, many common pharmaceuticals used in medicine are fluorinated. The more common ones include Celebrex, Cipro, Diflucan, Prozac, Dalmane, Lipitor, and nearly all of the halogenated general anesthetics. Depending on the molecular formula, these drugs contain from 3–17% fluorine by weight. Some have been shown to lose free fluoride from defluorination by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pollution: Increased fluoride intake can occur from inhaling fluoride-polluted air. The highest fluoride levels found in air have been documented in area where coal is burned extensively for industrial power generation. In some areas, where dental fluorosis has been documented to be quite severe and skeletal fluorosis has been observed, the concentration of fluoride in ambient can be as high as 11 μg/m3. (1 PPM = 1,000 microgram per meter cubed. Similarly, 1 microgram per meter cubed = 0.001 PPM). Acute toxicity—clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment Acute