10/27/2023 1 Διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας
Description: 10272023 1 Διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας των εμβολίων κατά του Covid-19, όσον αφορά σε νοσηλείες και θανάτους. Η περίπτωση του Γ. Ν. Μυτιλήνης Ζαφειρέλλη Μαίρη(Νοσηλεύτρια Msc) Η πανδημία Covid-19 ξέσπασε το Δεκέμβριο του 2019. Η
Related Topics
Download Presentation
"10/27/2023 1 Διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this website for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Presentation Transcript
slide1. 10/27/2023 1 Διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας των εμβολίων κατά του Covid-19, όσον αφορά σε νοσηλείες και θανάτους. Η περίπτωση του Γ. Ν. Μυτιλήνης
Ζαφειρέλλη Μαίρη(Νοσηλεύτρια Msc) Η πανδημία
Covid-19
ξέσπασε το
Δεκέμβριο
του 2019.
Η ταχεία εξάπλωση της νόσου κατέστησε επιτακτική ανάγκη την εμβολιαστική κάλυψη του παγκόσμιου πληθυσμού.
Ωστόσο, η ασφάλεια και η αποτελεσματικότητα των εμβολίων αμφισβητήθηκαν από πολλούς. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ Συλλέχθηκαν δεδομένα από τους ιατρικούς φακέλους των ασθενών, οι οποίοι ήταν >16 ετών και νοσηλεύτηκαν για >24 ώρες στην κλινική Covid και τη ΜΕΘ του νοσοκομείου από τον Φεβρουάριο ‘21 έως τον Αύγουστο ‘22.
Οι μεταβλητές που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ήταν η ηλικία, η εμβολιαστική κατάσταση, η ύπαρξη συννοσηροτήτων (4C cormobidity score), το είδος της μετάλλαξης, η εισαγωγή στη ΜΕΘ/ διασωλήνωση και ο θάνατος. ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ Η ηλικία και η ύπαρξη συννοσηροτήτων έχουν ισχυρή συσχέτιση με τον
θάνατο από Covid-19. Η εμβολιαστική κατάσταση παρουσίασε σημαντική συσχέτιση με τον θάνατο στους πλήρως εμβολιασμένους και όχι σε αυτούς που είχαν λάβει booster δόση, οι οποίοι όμως ήταν άτομα μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας και με περισσότερες συννοσηρότητες. Διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας των εμβολίων κατά του Covid-19, έναντι της βαριάς νόσησης και του θανάτου ΥΛΙΚΟ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ Οι πλήρως εμβολιασμένοι ασθενείς που νοσηλεύτηκαν λόγω λοίμωξης Covid-19, παρουσίασαν 50% μικρότερη πιθανότητα να αποβιώσουν σε σχέση με τους ανεμβολίαστους. Η σχέση μεταξύ εμβολιαστικής κατάστασης και έκβασης φαίνεται να επηρεάζεται από παράγοντες, όπως η ηλικία και η ύπαρξη συννοσηροτήτων. ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ 15ο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Ελέγχου Λοιμώξεων ΣΚΟΠΟΣ Η πιθανότητα εισαγωγής στη ΜΕΘ φάνηκε να επηρεάζεται από την ηλικία και όχι από την εμβολιαστική κατάσταση ή την ύπαρξη συννοσηροτήτων. ΣΥΖΗΤΗΣΗ<br>
slide2. Βιβλιογραφία Adams K, Rhoads JP, Surie D, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, McNeal T, Talbot HK, Casey JD, Zepeski A, Shapiro NI, Gibbs KW, Files DC, Hager DN, Frosch AE, Exline MC, Mohamed A, Johnson NJ, Steingrub JS, Peltan ID, Brown SM, Martin ET, Lauring AS, Khan A, Busse LW, Duggal A, Wilson JG, Chang SY, Mallow C, Kwon JH, Chappell JD, Halasa N, Grijalva CG, Lindsell CJ, Lester SN, Thornburg NJ, Park S, McMorrow ML, Patel MM, Tenforde MW, Self WH, 2022. Influenza and other Viruses in the AcutelY ill (IVY) Network. Vaccine effectiveness of primary series and booster doses against covid-19 associated hospital admissions in the United States: living test negative design study. BMJ, 379:e072065.
Afolabi AA, Ilesanmi OS, 2021. Addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Lessons from the role of community participation in previous vaccination programs. Health Promot Perspect, 11(4), pp434-437.
Albers JR, Brown JB, Charkowick SV, Ram N, Klocksieben FA, Kumar A, 2022. Comparative Benefits and Risks Associated with Currently Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel), 10(12), pp2065.
AlHamaidah MA, Noureldin N, Yehia A, Alani I, Al-Qussain A, Abdou O, Ashames A, Kharaba Z, 2022. Efficacy and Short-Term Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Study on Vaccinated People in the UAE. Vaccines (Basel), 10(12), pp2157.
Alhinai Z, Park S, Choe YJ, Michelow IC, 2022. A global epidemiological analysis of COVID-19 vaccine types and clinical outcomes. Int J Infect Dis, 124, pp206-211.
Álvarez-Díaz DA, Muñoz AL, Herrera-Sepúlveda MT, Tavera-Rodríguez P, Laiton-Donato K, Franco-Muñoz C, Ruiz-Moreno HA, Galindo M, Catama JD, Bermudez-Forero A, Mercado-Reyes M, 2022. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited by Inactivated Whole Virus and Genetic Vaccines against Dominant SARS-CoV-2 Variants during the Four Epidemic Peaks of COVID-19 in Colombia. Vaccines (Basel), 10(12), pp2144.
Apio C, Han K, Heo G, Park T, 2022. A statistical look at the COVID-19 vaccine development and vaccine policies. Front Public Health, 10, pp1048062.
Aslam J, Rauf Ul Hassan M, Fatima Q, Bashir Hashmi H, Alshahrani MY, Alkhathami AG, Aneela I, 2022. Association of disease severity and death outcome with vaccination status of admitted COVID-19 patients in delta period of SARS-COV-2 in mixed variety of vaccine background. Saudi J Biol Sci, 29(7), pp103329. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103329.
Bashirian S, Mohammadi-Khoshnoud M, Khazaei S, Talebighane E, Keramat F, Bahreini F, Zareeian S, Soltanian AR, 2022. Identification of Risk Factors for COVID-19-related Death using Machine Learning Methods. Tanaffos, 21(1), pp54-62.
Baum U, Poukka E, Leino T, Kilpi T, Nohynek H, Palmu AA, 2022. High vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 in the elderly in Finland before and after the emergence of Omicron. BMC Infect Dis, 22(1), pp816.
BBC, 2020. Vaccine rumours debunked: Microchips, 'altered DNA' and more.
[online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/54893437 [accessed 13 January 2023].
Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Robertson C, Stowe J, Tessier E, Simmons R, Cottrell S, Roberts R, O'Doherty M, Brown K, Cameron C, Stockton D, McMenamin J and Ramsay M, 2021. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study. BMJ, 13, pp373.
Bucyibaruta G, Blangiardo M, Konstantinoudis G, 2022. Community-level characteristics of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in England: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Eur J Epidemiol, 19, pp1-11.
CDC, 2022. Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. [online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/testing-overview.html#TestingInfection [accessed 13 January 2023]
Dennis JL, 2019. Vaccine reluctance threat to global health. J Health Risk Manag, 38, pp7.
Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dhawan M, Emran TB, Rabaan A, Alhumaid S, 2021. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy - reasons and solutions to achieve a successful global vaccination campaign to tackle the ongoing pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 17(10), pp3495-3499.
ECDC, 2020. COVID-19 vaccination and prioritisation strategies in the EU/EEA. [online] Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-vaccination-and-prioritisation-strategies-eueea [accessed 13 January 2023]
Ελληνική Κυβέρνηση (gov.gr), 2021. Νόμος υπ’ αρ. 4820. [online] Available at: https://www.et.gr/api/Download_Small/?fek_pdf=20210100130 [accessed 13 January 2023].
Ελληνική Κυβέρνηση (govgr), 2022. Προληπτικά μέτρα για την πανδημία του κορονοϊού. [online]. Available at: https://covid19.gov.gr/category/proliptika-metra-gia-tin-pandimia/ [accessed 31 October 2022].
ΕΟΔΥ. Οδηγίες εμβολιασμού έναντι του ιού SARS-COV-2. [online]. Available at: https://eody.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/odigies-emvoliasmou-sars-cov-2-202105-2.pdf [accessed 20 December 2022]
Freeman D, Loe BS, Chadwick A, Vaccari C, Waite F, Rosebrock L, Jenner L, Petit A, Lewandowsky S, Vanderslott S, Innocenti S, Larkin M, Giubilini A, Yu LM, McShane H, Pollard AJ, Lambe S, 2020. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: the Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II. Psychol Med, pp1-15.
Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, Chen X, Ao Y, Fitzpatrick T, Li P, Zhou Y, Lin YF, Duan Q, Luo G, Fan S, Lu Y, Feng A, Zhan Y, Liang B, Cai W, Zhang L, Du X, Li L, Shu Y, Zou H, 2020. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect, 80(6), pp656-665.
Gill C, Dauphinais M, Bamgbose MΟ, Flannery K, Afana D, Harvey J, Hui A, Paiva T, Stratis E, Tjilos M. 2022. Here and What Do We Do Now? Boston University. School of Public Health. [online] Available at: https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2022/covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-how-did-we-get-here-and-what-do-we-do-now/ (accessed 20 December 2022)
Graña C, Ghosn L, Evrenoglou T, Jarde A, Minozzi S, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Villanueva G, Henschke N, Bonnet H, Assi R, Menon S, Marti M, Devane D, Mallon P, Lelievre JD, Askie LM, Kredo T, Ferrand G, Davidson M, Riveros C, Tovey D, Meerpohl JJ, Grasselli G, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Ravaud P, Chaimani A, Boutron I, 2022. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12(12):CD015477.
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y, 2020. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res, 7(1), pp11.
Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, Brooks N, Smaja M, Mircus G, Pan K, Southern J, Swerdlow DL, Jodar L, Levy Y, Alroy-Preis S, 2021. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data. Lancet, 397(10287), pp1819-1829.
Hateftabar F, Larson HJ, Hateftabar V, 2022. Examining the effects of psychological reactance on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: Comparison of two countries. J Glob Health, 12, pp05057.
Hodgens A, Gupta V. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. 2022. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan
Homan T, Mazzilli S, Chieti A, Musa A, Roth A, Fortunato F, Bisceglia L, Prato R, Lopalco PL, Martinelli D, 2022. Covid-19 vaccination programme effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 related infections, hospital admissions and deaths in the Apulia region of Italy: a one-year retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 3;12(1):18597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23235-4.
Intawong K, Chariyalertsak S, Chalom K, Wonghirundecha T, Kowatcharakul W, Ayood P, Thongprachum A, Chotirosniramit N, Noppakun K, Khwanngern K, Teacharak W, Piamanant P, Khammawan P, 2022. Reduction in severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients owing to heterologous third and fourth-dose vaccines during the periods of delta and omicron predominance in Thailand. Int J Infect Dis, 126, pp31-38.
Joffe S, 2021. Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines After Emergency Use Authorization or Licensing of Initial Candidate Vaccines. JAMA, 325(3), pp221-222.
Joshi A, Kaur M, Kaur R, Grover A, Nash D, El-Mohandes A, 2021. Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Intention, and Hesitancy: A Scoping Review. Front Public Health, 9.
Kliker L, Zuckerman N, Atari N, Barda N, Gilboa M, Nemet I, Abd Elkader B, Fratty IS, Jaber H, Mendelson E, Alroy-Preis S, Kreiss Y, Regev-Yochay G, Mandelboim M, 2022. COVID-19 vaccination and BA.1 breakthrough infection induce neutralising antibodies which are less efficient against BA.4 and BA.5 Omicron variants. Euro Surveill, 27(30):2200559.
Knight SR, Ho A, Pius R, Buchan I, Carson G, Drake TM et al, 2020. Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: development and validation of the 4C Mortality Score BMJ, 370:m3339 doi:10.1136/bmj.m3339
Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, Azman AS, Reich NG, 2020. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Annals of Internal Medicine 172 (9), pp577–582.
Lauring AS, Tenforde MW, Chappell JD, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, McNeal T, Ghamande S, Douin DJ, Talbot HK, Casey JD, Mohr NM, Zepeski A, Shapiro NI, Gibbs KW, Files DC, Hager DN, Shehu A, Prekker ME, Erickson HL, Exline MC, Gong MN, Mohamed A, Johnson NJ, Srinivasan V, Steingrub JS, Peltan ID, Brown SM, Martin ET, Monto AS, Khan A, Hough CL, Busse LW, Ten Lohuis CC, Duggal A, Wilson JG, Gordon AJ, Qadir N, Chang SY, Mallow C, Rivas C, Babcock HM, Kwon JH, Halasa N, Grijalva CG, Rice TW, Stubblefield WB, Baughman A, Womack KN, Rhoads JP, Lindsell CJ, Hart KW, Zhu Y, Adams K, Schrag SJ, Olson SM, Kobayashi M, Verani JR, Patel MM, Self WH, 2022. Clinical severity of, and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against, covid-19 from omicron, delta, and alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United States: prospective observational study. BMJ, 376:e069761.
Li X, Yang X, Ning Z, 2022. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine: A meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne), 9:1015184.
Lytras T, Kontopidou F, Lambrou A, Tsiodras S, 2022. Comparative effectiveness and durability of COVID-19 vaccination against death and severe disease in an ongoing nationwide mass vaccination campaign. J Med Virol, 94(10), pp5044-5050.
Macharia JM, Gakenye GW, Rozmann N, Onchonga D, Mwangi RW, Kaposztas Z, Mathenge JM, Pusztai D, Pinter M, Sugar M, Raposa BL, 2022. An empirical assessment of the factors influencing acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine uptake between Kenyan and Hungarian residing populations: A cross-sectional study. Sci Rep, 12(1), pp22262.
Miyauchi S, Hiyama T, Nakano Y, Yoshino A, Miyake Y, Okamoto Y,. Is a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines effective on newly dominant omicron subvariants among university students? Comparison between BA.1 and BA.2 dominancy. Am J Infect Control, S0196-6553(22)00813-6.
Moffa M, Shively N, Carr D, Bremmer D, Buchanan C, Trienski T, Jacobs M, Saini V and WalshT, 2022. Description of Hospitalizations due to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant Based on Vaccination Status. Open Forum Infect Dis., 9(9), pp438.
Monge S, Mazagatos C, Olmedo C, Rojas-Benedicto A, Simón F, Vega-Piris L, Sierra MJ, Limia A, Larrauri A, 2022. Effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 used in Spain: infection, hospitalization and mortality in people aged fifty/fifty-nine. Rev Esp Salud Publica, 96:e202209060.
Moreno-Nunez P, Bueno-Cavanillas A, San Jose-Saras D, Vicente-Guijarro J, Fernández Chávez A.C, Aranaz-Andrés J.M, on behalf of Health Outcomes Research Group of the Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 2022. How Does Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Affect Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19? J. Clin. Med., 11, 3905.
Nader M, Zmerli O, Platt DE, Hamdan H, Hamdash S, Tayeh RA, Azar J, Kadi D, Sultan Y, Bazarbachi T, Karayakoupoglou G, Zalloua P, Azar E, 2022. Observational study of factors associated with morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in Lebanon, 2020-2021. PLoS One, 17(10):e0275101.
Niessen FA, Knol MJ, Hahné SJM; VECTOR study group; Bonten MJM, Bruijning-Verhagen PCJL, 2022 Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 related hospital admission in the Netherlands: A test-negative case-control study. Vaccine. 40(34), pp5044-5049
Noor R, 2022. Host Protective Immunity against Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants. Viruses, 14(11), pp2541.
Noor R, Shareen S, Billah M, 2022. COVID-19 vaccines: their effectiveness against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its emerging variants. Bull Natl Res Cent, 46(1), pp96.
Padda IS, Parmar M, 2022. COVID (SARS-COV-2) Vaccine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID: 33620862.
Paraskevas T, Michailides C, Karalis I, Kantanis A, Chourpiliadi C, Matthaiakaki E, Marangos M, Velissaris D, 2022. External validation of the 4C Mortality Score and PRIEST COVID-19 Clinical Severity Score in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia in Greece. Rom J Intern Med, 60(4), pp244-249.
Popa A, Genger JW, Nicholson MD, Penz, T, Schmid D, Aberle SW, Agerer B, Lercher A, 2020. Genomic epidemiology of superspreading events in Austria reveals mutational dynamics and transmission properties of SARS-CoV-2. Science Translational Medicine, 12(573).
Rashed EA, Kodera S, Hirata A, 2022. COVID-19 forecasting using new viral variants and vaccination effectiveness models. Comput Biol Med, 149
Sallam M, 2021. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates. Vaccines (Basel). 9(2), pp160.
Samara A, Boutlas S, Janho M, Gourgoulianis K, Sotiriou S, 2022. COVID-19 Severity and Mortality after Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Central Greece. J Pers Med,12(9), pp1423.
Singhal J, Goel C, Gupta V, Sachdeva M, Sanjappa S, Koushal V, Singh I, Tripathi A, 2022. Comparison of Imaging Severity Between Vaccinated and Unvaccinated COVID-19 Patients: Perspective of an Indian District. Cureus, 14(10):e30724.
Sharma E, Revinipati S, Bhandari S, Thakur S, Goyal S, Ghose A, Bajpai S, Muhammad W, Boussios S, 2022. Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines-An Update. Diseases, 10(4), pp112.
Tao Y, Ma M, Hu F, Li M, Geng Y, Wan Y, Mao M, Chen L, Shen Y, Zhu L, Shen H, Chen Y 2022. A longitudinal study of humoral immune responses induced by a 3-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in an observational, prospective cohort. BMC Immunol, 23(1), pp57.
Tenforde Μ, Patel Μ, Ginde Α, Douin D, Talbot K, Casey J, Mohr N, Zepeski A, Gaglani M, McNeal T, Ghamande S, Shapiro N, Gibbs K, Files C, Hager D, Shehu A, Prekker M, Erickson H, Exline M, Gong M, Mohamed A, Henning D, Steingrub J, Peltan I, Brown S, Martin E, Monto A, Khan A, Hough T, Busse L, Lohuis C, Duggal A, Wilson J, Gordon A, Qadir N, Chang S, Mallow C, Gershengorn H, Babcock H, Kwon J, Halasa N, Chappell J, Lauring A, Grijalva C, Rice T, Jones I, Stubblefield W, Baughman A, Womack K, Lindsell C, Hart K, Zhu Y, Olson S, Stephenson M, Schrag S, Kobayashi M, Verani J and Self W, 2021. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines for Preventing Covid-19 Hospitalizations in the United States. Influenza and Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network medRxiv, 21259776
Troiano G, Nardi A, 2021. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health, 194, pp245-251.
UNESCO, 2020. How Soap Kills COVID-19 on Hands. [online] Available at: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/how-soap-kills-covid-19-hands [accessed 13 January 2023]
Valladares-Garrido M.J, Zeña-Ñañez S, Peralta C.I, Puicón-Suárez J.B, Díaz-Vélez C, Failoc-Rojas V.E, 2022. COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness at a Referral Hospital in Northern Peru: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Vaccines, 10, 812.
Vergara R, Sarmiento P, Lagman J, 2021. Building public trust: a response to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy predicament. J Public Health (Oxf), 43(2), pp291-292.
Webb G, 2021. A COVID-19 Epidemic Model Predicting the Effectiveness of Vaccination in the US. Infect Dis Rep, 13(3), pp654-667.
WHO, 2020. Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/getting-workplace-ready-for-covid-19.pdf [accessed 25 October 2022]
WHO, 2020. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 [accessed 25 October 2022]
WHO, 2022. Covid-19 pandemic. About Coronavirus Disease. [online] Available at: https://who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 [accessed 25 October 2022]
WHO, 2022. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): vaccines. [online] Available at: https://who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines [accessed 25 October 2022]
WHO, 2022. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters#virus [accessed 25 October 2022]
Willis DE, Andersen JA, Bryant-Moore K, Selig JP, Long CR, Felix HC, Curran GM, McElfish PA, 2021. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear. Clin Transl Sci 14(6), pp2200-2207.
Zhao S, Hu S, Zhou X, Song S, Wang Q, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Hou Z, 2022. The prevalence, features, influencing factors, and solutions of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: a systematic review. JMIR Public Health Surveill. doi: 10.2196/40201
Zweig S.A., Zapf A.J., Xu H., Li Q., Agarwal S., Labrique A.B., Peters D.H, 2021. Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States and Other Countries: Descriptive Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill, 7:e27917.<br>
Ζαφειρέλλη Μαίρη(Νοσηλεύτρια Msc) Η πανδημία
Covid-19
ξέσπασε το
Δεκέμβριο
του 2019.
Η ταχεία εξάπλωση της νόσου κατέστησε επιτακτική ανάγκη την εμβολιαστική κάλυψη του παγκόσμιου πληθυσμού.
Ωστόσο, η ασφάλεια και η αποτελεσματικότητα των εμβολίων αμφισβητήθηκαν από πολλούς. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ Συλλέχθηκαν δεδομένα από τους ιατρικούς φακέλους των ασθενών, οι οποίοι ήταν >16 ετών και νοσηλεύτηκαν για >24 ώρες στην κλινική Covid και τη ΜΕΘ του νοσοκομείου από τον Φεβρουάριο ‘21 έως τον Αύγουστο ‘22.
Οι μεταβλητές που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ήταν η ηλικία, η εμβολιαστική κατάσταση, η ύπαρξη συννοσηροτήτων (4C cormobidity score), το είδος της μετάλλαξης, η εισαγωγή στη ΜΕΘ/ διασωλήνωση και ο θάνατος. ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ Η ηλικία και η ύπαρξη συννοσηροτήτων έχουν ισχυρή συσχέτιση με τον
θάνατο από Covid-19. Η εμβολιαστική κατάσταση παρουσίασε σημαντική συσχέτιση με τον θάνατο στους πλήρως εμβολιασμένους και όχι σε αυτούς που είχαν λάβει booster δόση, οι οποίοι όμως ήταν άτομα μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας και με περισσότερες συννοσηρότητες. Διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας των εμβολίων κατά του Covid-19, έναντι της βαριάς νόσησης και του θανάτου ΥΛΙΚΟ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ Οι πλήρως εμβολιασμένοι ασθενείς που νοσηλεύτηκαν λόγω λοίμωξης Covid-19, παρουσίασαν 50% μικρότερη πιθανότητα να αποβιώσουν σε σχέση με τους ανεμβολίαστους. Η σχέση μεταξύ εμβολιαστικής κατάστασης και έκβασης φαίνεται να επηρεάζεται από παράγοντες, όπως η ηλικία και η ύπαρξη συννοσηροτήτων. ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ 15ο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Ελέγχου Λοιμώξεων ΣΚΟΠΟΣ Η πιθανότητα εισαγωγής στη ΜΕΘ φάνηκε να επηρεάζεται από την ηλικία και όχι από την εμβολιαστική κατάσταση ή την ύπαρξη συννοσηροτήτων. ΣΥΖΗΤΗΣΗ<br>
slide2. Βιβλιογραφία Adams K, Rhoads JP, Surie D, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, McNeal T, Talbot HK, Casey JD, Zepeski A, Shapiro NI, Gibbs KW, Files DC, Hager DN, Frosch AE, Exline MC, Mohamed A, Johnson NJ, Steingrub JS, Peltan ID, Brown SM, Martin ET, Lauring AS, Khan A, Busse LW, Duggal A, Wilson JG, Chang SY, Mallow C, Kwon JH, Chappell JD, Halasa N, Grijalva CG, Lindsell CJ, Lester SN, Thornburg NJ, Park S, McMorrow ML, Patel MM, Tenforde MW, Self WH, 2022. Influenza and other Viruses in the AcutelY ill (IVY) Network. Vaccine effectiveness of primary series and booster doses against covid-19 associated hospital admissions in the United States: living test negative design study. BMJ, 379:e072065.
Afolabi AA, Ilesanmi OS, 2021. Addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Lessons from the role of community participation in previous vaccination programs. Health Promot Perspect, 11(4), pp434-437.
Albers JR, Brown JB, Charkowick SV, Ram N, Klocksieben FA, Kumar A, 2022. Comparative Benefits and Risks Associated with Currently Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel), 10(12), pp2065.
AlHamaidah MA, Noureldin N, Yehia A, Alani I, Al-Qussain A, Abdou O, Ashames A, Kharaba Z, 2022. Efficacy and Short-Term Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Study on Vaccinated People in the UAE. Vaccines (Basel), 10(12), pp2157.
Alhinai Z, Park S, Choe YJ, Michelow IC, 2022. A global epidemiological analysis of COVID-19 vaccine types and clinical outcomes. Int J Infect Dis, 124, pp206-211.
Álvarez-Díaz DA, Muñoz AL, Herrera-Sepúlveda MT, Tavera-Rodríguez P, Laiton-Donato K, Franco-Muñoz C, Ruiz-Moreno HA, Galindo M, Catama JD, Bermudez-Forero A, Mercado-Reyes M, 2022. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited by Inactivated Whole Virus and Genetic Vaccines against Dominant SARS-CoV-2 Variants during the Four Epidemic Peaks of COVID-19 in Colombia. Vaccines (Basel), 10(12), pp2144.
Apio C, Han K, Heo G, Park T, 2022. A statistical look at the COVID-19 vaccine development and vaccine policies. Front Public Health, 10, pp1048062.
Aslam J, Rauf Ul Hassan M, Fatima Q, Bashir Hashmi H, Alshahrani MY, Alkhathami AG, Aneela I, 2022. Association of disease severity and death outcome with vaccination status of admitted COVID-19 patients in delta period of SARS-COV-2 in mixed variety of vaccine background. Saudi J Biol Sci, 29(7), pp103329. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103329.
Bashirian S, Mohammadi-Khoshnoud M, Khazaei S, Talebighane E, Keramat F, Bahreini F, Zareeian S, Soltanian AR, 2022. Identification of Risk Factors for COVID-19-related Death using Machine Learning Methods. Tanaffos, 21(1), pp54-62.
Baum U, Poukka E, Leino T, Kilpi T, Nohynek H, Palmu AA, 2022. High vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 in the elderly in Finland before and after the emergence of Omicron. BMC Infect Dis, 22(1), pp816.
BBC, 2020. Vaccine rumours debunked: Microchips, 'altered DNA' and more.
[online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/54893437 [accessed 13 January 2023].
Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Robertson C, Stowe J, Tessier E, Simmons R, Cottrell S, Roberts R, O'Doherty M, Brown K, Cameron C, Stockton D, McMenamin J and Ramsay M, 2021. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study. BMJ, 13, pp373.
Bucyibaruta G, Blangiardo M, Konstantinoudis G, 2022. Community-level characteristics of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in England: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Eur J Epidemiol, 19, pp1-11.
CDC, 2022. Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. [online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/testing-overview.html#TestingInfection [accessed 13 January 2023]
Dennis JL, 2019. Vaccine reluctance threat to global health. J Health Risk Manag, 38, pp7.
Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dhawan M, Emran TB, Rabaan A, Alhumaid S, 2021. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy - reasons and solutions to achieve a successful global vaccination campaign to tackle the ongoing pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 17(10), pp3495-3499.
ECDC, 2020. COVID-19 vaccination and prioritisation strategies in the EU/EEA. [online] Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-vaccination-and-prioritisation-strategies-eueea [accessed 13 January 2023]
Ελληνική Κυβέρνηση (gov.gr), 2021. Νόμος υπ’ αρ. 4820. [online] Available at: https://www.et.gr/api/Download_Small/?fek_pdf=20210100130 [accessed 13 January 2023].
Ελληνική Κυβέρνηση (govgr), 2022. Προληπτικά μέτρα για την πανδημία του κορονοϊού. [online]. Available at: https://covid19.gov.gr/category/proliptika-metra-gia-tin-pandimia/ [accessed 31 October 2022].
ΕΟΔΥ. Οδηγίες εμβολιασμού έναντι του ιού SARS-COV-2. [online]. Available at: https://eody.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/odigies-emvoliasmou-sars-cov-2-202105-2.pdf [accessed 20 December 2022]
Freeman D, Loe BS, Chadwick A, Vaccari C, Waite F, Rosebrock L, Jenner L, Petit A, Lewandowsky S, Vanderslott S, Innocenti S, Larkin M, Giubilini A, Yu LM, McShane H, Pollard AJ, Lambe S, 2020. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: the Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II. Psychol Med, pp1-15.
Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, Chen X, Ao Y, Fitzpatrick T, Li P, Zhou Y, Lin YF, Duan Q, Luo G, Fan S, Lu Y, Feng A, Zhan Y, Liang B, Cai W, Zhang L, Du X, Li L, Shu Y, Zou H, 2020. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect, 80(6), pp656-665.
Gill C, Dauphinais M, Bamgbose MΟ, Flannery K, Afana D, Harvey J, Hui A, Paiva T, Stratis E, Tjilos M. 2022. Here and What Do We Do Now? Boston University. School of Public Health. [online] Available at: https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2022/covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-how-did-we-get-here-and-what-do-we-do-now/ (accessed 20 December 2022)
Graña C, Ghosn L, Evrenoglou T, Jarde A, Minozzi S, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Villanueva G, Henschke N, Bonnet H, Assi R, Menon S, Marti M, Devane D, Mallon P, Lelievre JD, Askie LM, Kredo T, Ferrand G, Davidson M, Riveros C, Tovey D, Meerpohl JJ, Grasselli G, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Ravaud P, Chaimani A, Boutron I, 2022. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12(12):CD015477.
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y, 2020. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res, 7(1), pp11.
Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, Brooks N, Smaja M, Mircus G, Pan K, Southern J, Swerdlow DL, Jodar L, Levy Y, Alroy-Preis S, 2021. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data. Lancet, 397(10287), pp1819-1829.
Hateftabar F, Larson HJ, Hateftabar V, 2022. Examining the effects of psychological reactance on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: Comparison of two countries. J Glob Health, 12, pp05057.
Hodgens A, Gupta V. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. 2022. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan
Homan T, Mazzilli S, Chieti A, Musa A, Roth A, Fortunato F, Bisceglia L, Prato R, Lopalco PL, Martinelli D, 2022. Covid-19 vaccination programme effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 related infections, hospital admissions and deaths in the Apulia region of Italy: a one-year retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 3;12(1):18597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23235-4.
Intawong K, Chariyalertsak S, Chalom K, Wonghirundecha T, Kowatcharakul W, Ayood P, Thongprachum A, Chotirosniramit N, Noppakun K, Khwanngern K, Teacharak W, Piamanant P, Khammawan P, 2022. Reduction in severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients owing to heterologous third and fourth-dose vaccines during the periods of delta and omicron predominance in Thailand. Int J Infect Dis, 126, pp31-38.
Joffe S, 2021. Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines After Emergency Use Authorization or Licensing of Initial Candidate Vaccines. JAMA, 325(3), pp221-222.
Joshi A, Kaur M, Kaur R, Grover A, Nash D, El-Mohandes A, 2021. Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Intention, and Hesitancy: A Scoping Review. Front Public Health, 9.
Kliker L, Zuckerman N, Atari N, Barda N, Gilboa M, Nemet I, Abd Elkader B, Fratty IS, Jaber H, Mendelson E, Alroy-Preis S, Kreiss Y, Regev-Yochay G, Mandelboim M, 2022. COVID-19 vaccination and BA.1 breakthrough infection induce neutralising antibodies which are less efficient against BA.4 and BA.5 Omicron variants. Euro Surveill, 27(30):2200559.
Knight SR, Ho A, Pius R, Buchan I, Carson G, Drake TM et al, 2020. Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: development and validation of the 4C Mortality Score BMJ, 370:m3339 doi:10.1136/bmj.m3339
Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, Azman AS, Reich NG, 2020. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Annals of Internal Medicine 172 (9), pp577–582.
Lauring AS, Tenforde MW, Chappell JD, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, McNeal T, Ghamande S, Douin DJ, Talbot HK, Casey JD, Mohr NM, Zepeski A, Shapiro NI, Gibbs KW, Files DC, Hager DN, Shehu A, Prekker ME, Erickson HL, Exline MC, Gong MN, Mohamed A, Johnson NJ, Srinivasan V, Steingrub JS, Peltan ID, Brown SM, Martin ET, Monto AS, Khan A, Hough CL, Busse LW, Ten Lohuis CC, Duggal A, Wilson JG, Gordon AJ, Qadir N, Chang SY, Mallow C, Rivas C, Babcock HM, Kwon JH, Halasa N, Grijalva CG, Rice TW, Stubblefield WB, Baughman A, Womack KN, Rhoads JP, Lindsell CJ, Hart KW, Zhu Y, Adams K, Schrag SJ, Olson SM, Kobayashi M, Verani JR, Patel MM, Self WH, 2022. Clinical severity of, and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against, covid-19 from omicron, delta, and alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United States: prospective observational study. BMJ, 376:e069761.
Li X, Yang X, Ning Z, 2022. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine: A meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne), 9:1015184.
Lytras T, Kontopidou F, Lambrou A, Tsiodras S, 2022. Comparative effectiveness and durability of COVID-19 vaccination against death and severe disease in an ongoing nationwide mass vaccination campaign. J Med Virol, 94(10), pp5044-5050.
Macharia JM, Gakenye GW, Rozmann N, Onchonga D, Mwangi RW, Kaposztas Z, Mathenge JM, Pusztai D, Pinter M, Sugar M, Raposa BL, 2022. An empirical assessment of the factors influencing acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine uptake between Kenyan and Hungarian residing populations: A cross-sectional study. Sci Rep, 12(1), pp22262.
Miyauchi S, Hiyama T, Nakano Y, Yoshino A, Miyake Y, Okamoto Y,. Is a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines effective on newly dominant omicron subvariants among university students? Comparison between BA.1 and BA.2 dominancy. Am J Infect Control, S0196-6553(22)00813-6.
Moffa M, Shively N, Carr D, Bremmer D, Buchanan C, Trienski T, Jacobs M, Saini V and WalshT, 2022. Description of Hospitalizations due to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant Based on Vaccination Status. Open Forum Infect Dis., 9(9), pp438.
Monge S, Mazagatos C, Olmedo C, Rojas-Benedicto A, Simón F, Vega-Piris L, Sierra MJ, Limia A, Larrauri A, 2022. Effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 used in Spain: infection, hospitalization and mortality in people aged fifty/fifty-nine. Rev Esp Salud Publica, 96:e202209060.
Moreno-Nunez P, Bueno-Cavanillas A, San Jose-Saras D, Vicente-Guijarro J, Fernández Chávez A.C, Aranaz-Andrés J.M, on behalf of Health Outcomes Research Group of the Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 2022. How Does Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Affect Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19? J. Clin. Med., 11, 3905.
Nader M, Zmerli O, Platt DE, Hamdan H, Hamdash S, Tayeh RA, Azar J, Kadi D, Sultan Y, Bazarbachi T, Karayakoupoglou G, Zalloua P, Azar E, 2022. Observational study of factors associated with morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in Lebanon, 2020-2021. PLoS One, 17(10):e0275101.
Niessen FA, Knol MJ, Hahné SJM; VECTOR study group; Bonten MJM, Bruijning-Verhagen PCJL, 2022 Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 related hospital admission in the Netherlands: A test-negative case-control study. Vaccine. 40(34), pp5044-5049
Noor R, 2022. Host Protective Immunity against Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants. Viruses, 14(11), pp2541.
Noor R, Shareen S, Billah M, 2022. COVID-19 vaccines: their effectiveness against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its emerging variants. Bull Natl Res Cent, 46(1), pp96.
Padda IS, Parmar M, 2022. COVID (SARS-COV-2) Vaccine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID: 33620862.
Paraskevas T, Michailides C, Karalis I, Kantanis A, Chourpiliadi C, Matthaiakaki E, Marangos M, Velissaris D, 2022. External validation of the 4C Mortality Score and PRIEST COVID-19 Clinical Severity Score in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia in Greece. Rom J Intern Med, 60(4), pp244-249.
Popa A, Genger JW, Nicholson MD, Penz, T, Schmid D, Aberle SW, Agerer B, Lercher A, 2020. Genomic epidemiology of superspreading events in Austria reveals mutational dynamics and transmission properties of SARS-CoV-2. Science Translational Medicine, 12(573).
Rashed EA, Kodera S, Hirata A, 2022. COVID-19 forecasting using new viral variants and vaccination effectiveness models. Comput Biol Med, 149
Sallam M, 2021. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates. Vaccines (Basel). 9(2), pp160.
Samara A, Boutlas S, Janho M, Gourgoulianis K, Sotiriou S, 2022. COVID-19 Severity and Mortality after Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Central Greece. J Pers Med,12(9), pp1423.
Singhal J, Goel C, Gupta V, Sachdeva M, Sanjappa S, Koushal V, Singh I, Tripathi A, 2022. Comparison of Imaging Severity Between Vaccinated and Unvaccinated COVID-19 Patients: Perspective of an Indian District. Cureus, 14(10):e30724.
Sharma E, Revinipati S, Bhandari S, Thakur S, Goyal S, Ghose A, Bajpai S, Muhammad W, Boussios S, 2022. Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines-An Update. Diseases, 10(4), pp112.
Tao Y, Ma M, Hu F, Li M, Geng Y, Wan Y, Mao M, Chen L, Shen Y, Zhu L, Shen H, Chen Y 2022. A longitudinal study of humoral immune responses induced by a 3-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in an observational, prospective cohort. BMC Immunol, 23(1), pp57.
Tenforde Μ, Patel Μ, Ginde Α, Douin D, Talbot K, Casey J, Mohr N, Zepeski A, Gaglani M, McNeal T, Ghamande S, Shapiro N, Gibbs K, Files C, Hager D, Shehu A, Prekker M, Erickson H, Exline M, Gong M, Mohamed A, Henning D, Steingrub J, Peltan I, Brown S, Martin E, Monto A, Khan A, Hough T, Busse L, Lohuis C, Duggal A, Wilson J, Gordon A, Qadir N, Chang S, Mallow C, Gershengorn H, Babcock H, Kwon J, Halasa N, Chappell J, Lauring A, Grijalva C, Rice T, Jones I, Stubblefield W, Baughman A, Womack K, Lindsell C, Hart K, Zhu Y, Olson S, Stephenson M, Schrag S, Kobayashi M, Verani J and Self W, 2021. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines for Preventing Covid-19 Hospitalizations in the United States. Influenza and Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network medRxiv, 21259776
Troiano G, Nardi A, 2021. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health, 194, pp245-251.
UNESCO, 2020. How Soap Kills COVID-19 on Hands. [online] Available at: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/how-soap-kills-covid-19-hands [accessed 13 January 2023]
Valladares-Garrido M.J, Zeña-Ñañez S, Peralta C.I, Puicón-Suárez J.B, Díaz-Vélez C, Failoc-Rojas V.E, 2022. COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness at a Referral Hospital in Northern Peru: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Vaccines, 10, 812.
Vergara R, Sarmiento P, Lagman J, 2021. Building public trust: a response to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy predicament. J Public Health (Oxf), 43(2), pp291-292.
Webb G, 2021. A COVID-19 Epidemic Model Predicting the Effectiveness of Vaccination in the US. Infect Dis Rep, 13(3), pp654-667.
WHO, 2020. Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/getting-workplace-ready-for-covid-19.pdf [accessed 25 October 2022]
WHO, 2020. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 [accessed 25 October 2022]
WHO, 2022. Covid-19 pandemic. About Coronavirus Disease. [online] Available at: https://who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 [accessed 25 October 2022]
WHO, 2022. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): vaccines. [online] Available at: https://who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines [accessed 25 October 2022]
WHO, 2022. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters#virus [accessed 25 October 2022]
Willis DE, Andersen JA, Bryant-Moore K, Selig JP, Long CR, Felix HC, Curran GM, McElfish PA, 2021. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear. Clin Transl Sci 14(6), pp2200-2207.
Zhao S, Hu S, Zhou X, Song S, Wang Q, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Hou Z, 2022. The prevalence, features, influencing factors, and solutions of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: a systematic review. JMIR Public Health Surveill. doi: 10.2196/40201
Zweig S.A., Zapf A.J., Xu H., Li Q., Agarwal S., Labrique A.B., Peters D.H, 2021. Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States and Other Countries: Descriptive Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill, 7:e27917.<br>