Chapter 5: Non-Democracies and Democratic Backsliding OER materials provided with support from the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges (ASCCC) Open Educational Resources Initiative (OERI) Chapter Outline Section 5.1: What are
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Chapter 5: Non-Democracies and Democratic Backsliding OER materials provided with support from the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges (ASCCC) Open Educational Resources Initiative (OERI)<br>
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Chapter Outline Section #5.1: What are non-democracies?
Section #5.2: Strategies for staying in power
Section #5.3: Varieties of non-democracy
Section #5.4: Democratic backsliding
Section #5.5: Comparative Case Study - Russia’s evolution over time<br>
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5.1: What are non-democracies?<br>
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5.1 What are non-democracies? Non-democracy: Government in which citizens are denied meaningful institutional channels for making choices about their collective well-being
These include:
Limited political accountability for political elites
Limited to no competition for political office
Weak to no protection of individual civil and political liberties<br>
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5.2: Strategies for staying in power<br>
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5.2 Strategies for staying in power Leaders of non-democracies remain in power through a combination of “sticks, carrots, and ideas”
These are evident in certain key institutions
Institutions: Shared practices, norms, and organizations or “rules of the game”<br>
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5.2.1 Institutions of non-democracies: Carrots To co-opt opposition
Examples: Rigged elections in which opposition parties may compete (but not win); Legislatures in which opposition parties may take seats (but not be a meaningful check on rulers)
Patronage networks
To distribute resources to loyalists
Broad-based clientelism
To “buy off” the loyalties of the general population<br>
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5.2.1 Institutions of non-democracies: Sticks Domestic security bureaus
Examples: Cheka under Lenin, Stasi in East Germany
Paramilitaries
To enforce the rulers’ will through force and coercion; may utilize extrajudicial means<br>
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5.2.2 Institutions of non-democracies: Controlling Ideas Propaganda bureaus
To control the flow of information and impose ideational control and boundaries over society
Cults of personality
Creating an image of the non-democratic ruler as godlike and deeply charismatic
To elicit adulation and loyalty from citizens<br>
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5.3: Varieties of non-democracy<br>
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5.3 Varieties of non-democracies<br>
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5.3.2 Theocracy Political authority is grounded in a sacred text The Holy See, or Vatican City, is a contemporary example of a theocracy. It is governed by Roman Catholic texts and led by a pope. Consecrated in 1626, St. Peter’s Basilica (pictured here) is the largest Christian church in the world.
(Source: Facade of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City by CIA World Factbook is licensed under Public Domain)<br>
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5.3.3 Personalist Rule and Monarchy Political authority is concentrated in a highly charismatic individual or an individual who derives power from tradition, such as a royal bloodline High rises and shopping malls surround a mosque in the capital city of the Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama.
(Source: Mosque east of Bab-al-Bahrain via CIA World Factbook is Public Domain)<br>
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5.3.4 Single-Party Rule and Oligarchy Oligarchy is a non-democracy characterized by collective rule
Single-party rule is a non-democracy ruled by the members of a political party<br>
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5.3.4 Military Rule A non-democracy in which military elites, rather than civilians, run the government (Source: Burmese Defence Services personnel (Air Force) by Thai government via wikipedia is licensed under CC BY 2.0)<br>
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5.3.6 Illiberal and Hybrid Non-Democracies Illiberal regime: Mix of liberal and illiberal institutions
These regimes have some of the characteristics of liberal democracies, but many institutions are also illiberal
Hybrid regime: Mix of two or more of the non-democratic types discussed previously<br>
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Summary of Types of Non-Democracies<br>
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5.4: Democratic backsliding<br>
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5.4 Democratic Backsliding Process in which a democracy becomes more illiberal or undemocratic
Ex: Weakening rule of law, repression or infringement of civil and political liberties, executive overreach (Source: A girl sliding in Valparaiso, Chile with graffiti in the background By Havardtl ia Wikimedia Commons. is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0)<br>
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Why do we get democratic backsliding? Institutional explanations
Cultural explanations
International factors Turkish soldiers guarding the mausoleum of Turkish president Kemal Atatürk (in office 1923-38), who was a proponent of a secular Turkey shaped by a powerful military.
(Source: Turkey-1658 by Dennis Jarvis via wikipedia is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0)<br>
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5.5: Case Study - Russia’s evolution over time<br>
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5.5 Comparative Case Study: From Czarist Russia to the Soviet Union and After Russia has experienced many different types of non-democratic rule:
Monarchy, 1613-1917
Single party rule, 1922-1991
Illiberal regime, 1991-present Political map of Russia.
(Source: Map of Russia by CIA World Factbook is licensed under Public Domain)<br>
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Summary Non-democracies are characterized by their limited institutions of political accountability, limited political competition, and limited individual liberties
While there is great variety in this category of regimes, non-democracies often rely on a common bundle of strategies, or “carrots, sticks, and ideas”, to stay in power.
Typologies can help us make sense of the many non-democracies in the world, past and present.
Democratic backsliding highlights how countries can become more non-democratic over time.<br>
