Chapter 7 Nursing Theory Introduction First nurse

slide1. Chapter 7 Nursing Theory<br>
slide2. Introduction First nurse theorist
Florence Nightingale
Book: Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not.
Nursing is the desire, intent, and obligation to apply knowledge, skills, values, meanings, and experience for, with, or on behalf of those requiring or requesting assistance to achieve and maintain their desired state of health and wellness.<br>
slide3. Nurse Theorists and Theories Chapter covers nurse theorists in chronological order, starting with Florence Nightingale.
17 other nursing theorists
Theories selected for inclusion have significance for today’s nurse.<br>
slide4. Florence Nightingale and Nursing Theory Born May 12, 1820
Died August 13, 1910
Wrote first book on nursing theory: Notes on Nursing
Prolific writer who advanced nursing significantly
12 fundamental concepts to nursing at the time
Box 7.1<br>
slide5. Theory Development in the 1950s Hildegard Peplau
Virginia Henderson<br>
slide6. Hildegard E. Peplau: Interpersonal Relations in Nursing—1952 Born September 1, 1909
Died March 17, 1999
Theory: interpersonal relations in nursing
Changed role of patient from object to partner in care
Grounded in interpersonal theory<br>
slide7. Virginia Avenal Henderson: Definition of Nursing—1955 Born November 30, 1897
Died March 9, 1996
Theory: definition of nursing
Henderson defined nursing and contributed to the development of nursing knowledge through study of nursing research.<br>
slide8. Nursing Theory in the 1960s Faye Abdellah’s patient-centered approaches theory in 1960
Ida Jean Orlando’s nursing process model in 1961
Dorothy Johnson’s behavioral system model for nursing in 1968
Myra Levine’s four conservation principles in 1969<br>
slide9. Faye Glenn Abdellah: Patient-Centered Approaches Theory—1960 Born in New York City in 1919
Retired in 2002; lives in Maryland
Recognized as leader in health and public policy in the U.S.
Theory began with her doctoral dissertation focused on improving clinical teaching in nursing
Box 7.5 overview<br>
slide10. Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier): Nursing Process Theory—1961 Born August 12, 1926
Retired in 1992; lives in Massachusetts
Theory of the nursing process significant influence in nursing education
First to test the nursing process in practice<br>
slide11. Dorothy E. Johnson: Behavioral System Model for Nursing—1968 Born August 21, 1919
Died February 4, 1999
Early focus on science of nursing and nursing knowledge needed in practice
Theory based on von Bertalanffy’s open system theory and the person’s response to the stress of illness<br>
slide12. Myra Estrin Levine: Conservation Principles: A Model for Health—1969 Born in 1920
Died March 20, 1996
Original theory not intended as a nursing theory
Model developed to provide graduate curriculum to integrate all major nursing concepts and focus on maintaining patient’s ability to adapt<br>
slide13. Nursing Theory in the 1970s Martha Rogers’s science of unitary man in 1970
Sister Callista Roy’s adaptation model in 1970
Dorothea Orem’s self-care deficit theory in 1971
Imogene King’s theory of goal setting in 1971
Betty Neuman’s systems model in 1974
The University of British Columbia’s directions for practice model in 1976
Evelyn Adam’s conceptual model for nursing in 1979
Margaret Newman’s model of health in 1979
Jean Watson’s theory of human caring in 1979<br>
slide14. Martha E. Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings—1970 Born May 2, 1914
Died March 15, 1994
Abstract in nature, initially understood by very few
Theory of nursing knowledge and nursing science as a distinct body of knowledge used to help people improve their health
Incorporated idea of energy fields between human and environment<br>
slide15. Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model—1970 Born October 14, 1939
Still teaching and publishing
Used observations of children adapting to illnesses and based her theory on her observations
Theory is based on individuals as systems that adapt to health and illness problems, including concepts of nursing, health, and environment<br>
slide16. Dorothea E. Orem: Theory of Self-Care Deficit—1971 Born in 1914
Died June 22, 2007
Theory is of self-care deficit in nursing
Incorporates when the patient and the family are not able to provide care and the needs are met by the nurse
Describes and explains when people need nursing care<br>
slide17. Imogene M. King: Theory of Goal Attainment—1971 Born January 30, 1923
Died December 24, 2007
Identified questions about nursing decision making
Theory is transaction process model for mutual goal setting in situations
Initially used in advanced nursing education<br>
slide18. Betty Neuman: Neuman Systems Model—1974 Born 1924
Lives in Ohio and practices as licensed clinical marriage and family therapist
Known around the world for her theory
Originally developed as a teaching tool for mental health clinical specialist in graduate program
Based on open systems theory
Major components of model are stress and reaction to stress; goal is to achieve optimal client stability.<br>
slide19. The University of British Columbia (UBC) Model for Nursing—1976 Designed by several faculty members at UBC School of Nursing
Inspired by Johnson’s model, provides structure for combining general knowledge about human health and illness and specific knowledge about individual patients
Broadened the view of human experience
Composed of nine basic human needs<br>
slide20. Evelyn Adam: Conceptual Model for Nursing—1979 (French) and 1980 (English) Born April 9, 1929
Retired in 1989; lives in Montreal
Work focuses on development of models and theories
Contributes to theory development and clarification of models of Johnson and Henderson
Nurse’s independent contribution to health services<br>
slide21. Margaret A. Newman: Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness—1979 Born October 10, 1933
Retired in 1996; lives in Minneapolis
Explored relationships between time, movement, and space and relation to health and illness
Based on Martha Rogers’s science of unitary human beings
Theory of health as expanding consciousness considers health and illness components of unitary process as pattern of wholeness<br>
slide22. M. Jean Watson: Theory of Human Caring—1979 Born in West Virginia
Serves as a distinguished professor
Theory of nursing: human science and caring is known worldwide
Defined by 10 “carative” factors as the core of nursing
Used by nurses who adopt caring and commit to caring for the patient<br>
slide23. Nursing Theory in the 1980s Rosemarie Parse’s theory of human becoming in 1981
Patricia Benner’s skill acquisition model in 1984
Madeleine Leininger’s theory on culture care diversity and universality in 1985
McGill University’s practice-based model in 1987<br>
slide24. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse: Theory of Human Becoming—1981 Retired as chair and professor emeritus from Loyola University in Chicago
Founding editor of Nursing Science Quarterly
Introduced as man-living-health theory dealing with man’s total experience in health
Designed to consider the person as a whole, not in traditional way of systems or fragments
Person is whole part of the larger environment interacting with all around.<br>
slide25. Patricia Benner: Model of Skill Acquisition in Nursing—1984 Born in 1942
Currently directs the Carnegie National Nursing Education Study
Developed model of skill acquisition in nursing
Five levels of skill
Novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert
Used in all areas of nursing<br>
slide26. Madeleine M. Leininger: Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory—1985 Resides in Nebraska
First nurse to study anthropology at doctoral level
Initially focused on importance of caring in nursing
Transcultural nursing developed from caring and is now a subfield of nursing practice with focus on
Cultural values, beliefs, and practices of individuals with goal of providing culture-specific care<br>
slide27. Moyra Allen: McGill Model, Canada: A Practice-Derived Model in Nursing—1986 Developed with faculty, students, and nurses in community practice in McGill University area
Based on change in healthcare delivery in Canada to redefine role of the nurse to provide healthcare to all
Now a framework for McGill University curriculum with four major concepts
Health, family, collaboration, and learning<br>
slide28. Nursing Theory in the 1990s and 2000 Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer’s nursing as caring in 1993
Prince Edward Island’s conceptual model for nursing in 2000<br>
slide29. Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer: Theory of Nursing as Caring—1993 Worked on theory when together at Florida Atlantic University
Foundation of theory is that “all persons are caring”
Define focus of nursing as both a discipline and profession, as nursing persons living, caring, and growing together<br>
slide30. University of Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada: Conceptual Model for Nursing: A Perspective of Primary Health Care—2000 Eight faculty members of University of PEI and consultant from Canadian Department of Health
A primary healthcare model
Intended to provide guidance to move toward a need for primary healthcare practice for people<br>
slide31. A Global View of Nursing Theory Theory is expansive across the globe.
Theories are shared and adapted between countries and across the world.
Adapted to the population and its needs<br>
slide32. Summary Rise of theory began in the 1950s.
Recently published theories incorporate focus on caring and primary care.
Much time is used in development of theory.
Other theories are in development and will continue to evolve over time and adapt to the needs of nursing and the population.<br>