Class 1: Angles Class 2: Parallel lines and angles
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Class 1: Angles Class 2: Parallel lines and angles Class 3: Quadrilaterals and types of triangles. Class 4: Congruent triangles. Class 5: Theorems 1- 4 Class 6: Theorems 5 6 Class 8: Theorem 8 Class 9: Theorem 9 Class 10: Theorem 10 Menu
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Class 1: Angles Class 2: Parallel lines and angles Class 3: Quadrilaterals and types of triangles. Class 4: Congruent triangles. Class 5: Theorems 1- 4 Class 6: Theorems 5 & 6 Class 8: Theorem 8 Class 9: Theorem 9 Class 10: Theorem 10 Menu Select the class required then click
mouse key to view class. Class 7: Theorem 7 and the three deductions.(Two classes is advised)<br>
mouse key to view class. Class 7: Theorem 7 and the three deductions.(Two classes is advised)<br>
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Angles An angle is formed when two lines meet. The size of the angle measures the amount of space between the lines. In the diagram the lines ba and bc are called the ‘arms’ of the angle, and the point ‘b’ at which they meet is called the ‘vertex’ of the angle. An angle is denoted by the symbol .An angle can be named in one of the three ways:<br>
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1. Three letters Using three letters, with the centre at the vertex. The angle is now referred to as :
abc or cba.<br>
abc or cba.<br>
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2. A number Putting a number at the vertex of the angle. The angle is now referred to as 1.<br>
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3. A capital letter Putting a capital letter at the vertex of the angle.
The angle is now referred to as B.<br>
The angle is now referred to as B.<br>
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Right angle A quarter of a revolution is called a right angle. Therefore a right angle is 90. Straight angle A half a revolution or two right angles makes a straight angle. A straight angle is 180. Measuring angles<br>
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Acute, Obtuse and reflex Angles Any angle that is less than 90 is called an acute angle. An angle that is greater than 90 but less than 180 is called an obtuse angle. An angle greater than 180 is called a reflex angle.<br>
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Angles on a straight line Angles on a straight line add up to 180. A + B = 180 . Angles at a point Angles at a point add up to 360. A+ B + C + D + E = 360<br>
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Pairs of lines: Consider the lines L and K : Intersecting<br>
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Parallel lines L is parallel to K Written: LK Parallel lines never meet and are usually indicated by arrows. Parallel lines always remain the same distance apart.<br>
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Perpendicular L is perpendicular to K Written: L K<br>
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Now work on practical examples in your maths book.<br>
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Parallel lines and Angles 1.Vertically opposite angles When two straight lines cross, four angles are formed. The two angles that are opposite each other are called vertically opposite angles. Thus a and b are vertically opposite angles. So also are the angles c and d. From the above diagram: A+ B = 180 …….. Straight angle B + C = 180 ……... Straight angle A + C = B + C ……… Now subtract c from both sides A = B<br>
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2. Corresponding Angles The diagram below shows a line L and four other parallel lines intersecting it. The line L intersects each of these lines. L All the highlighted angles are in corresponding positions. These angles are known as corresponding angles. If you measure these angles you will find that they are all equal.<br>
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Remember: When a third line intersects two parallel lines the corresponding angles are equal.<br>
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3. Alternate angles The diagram shows a line L intersecting two parallel lines A and B.
The highlighted angles are between the parallel lines and on alternate sides of the line L. These shaded angles are called alternate angles and are equal in size. Remember the Z shape.<br>
The highlighted angles are between the parallel lines and on alternate sides of the line L. These shaded angles are called alternate angles and are equal in size. Remember the Z shape.<br>
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Now work on practical examples from your maths books.<br>
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Quadrilaterals A quadrilateral is a four sided figure. The four angles of a quadrilateral sum to 360. a + b + c + d = 360 (This is because a quadrilateral can be divided up into two triangles.) Note: Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180.
a + c = 180
b + d = 180<br>
a + c = 180
b + d = 180<br>
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The following are different types of Quadrilaterals<br>
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Parallelogram 1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. Opposite sides are equal 3. Opposite angles are equal 4. Diagonals bisect each other<br>
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Rhombus 1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. All sides are equal 3. Opposite angles are equal 4. Diagonals bisect each other 5. Diagonal intersects at right angles 6. Diagonals bisect opposite angles<br>
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Rectangle 1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. Opposite sides are equal 3. All angles are right angles 4. Diagonals are equal and bisect each other<br>
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Square 1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. All sides are equal 3. All angles are right angles 4. Diagonals are equal and bisect each other 5. Diagonals intersect at right angles 6. Diagonals bisect each angle<br>
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Types of Triangles Equilateral Triangle 3 equal sides 3 equal angles Isosceles Triangle 2 sides equal Base angles are equal a = b (base angles are the angles opposite equal sides) Scalene triangle 3 unequal sides 3 unequal angles<br>
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Now work on practical examples from your maths books.<br>
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Congruent triangles Congruent means identical. Two triangles are said to be congruent if they have equal lengths of sides, equal angles, and equal areas. If placed on top of each other they would cover each other exactly. The symbol for congruence is . For two triangles to be congruent (identical), the three sides and three angles of one triangle must be equal to the three sides and three angles of the other triangle. The following are the ‘ tests for congruency’.<br>
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Case 1 = Three sides of the other triangle Three sides of one triangle SSS
Three sides<br>
Three sides<br>
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Case 2 Two sides and the included angle of one triangle Two sides and the included angle of one triangle = SAS
(side, angle, side)<br>
(side, angle, side)<br>
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Case 3 One side and two angles of one triangle Corresponding side and two angles of one triangle = ASA
(angle, side, angle)<br>
(angle, side, angle)<br>
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Case 4 A right angle, the hypotenuse and the other side of one triangle A right angle, the hypotenuse and the other side of one triangle = RHS
(Right angle, hypotenuse, side)<br>
(Right angle, hypotenuse, side)<br>
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Now do practical examples on congruent triangles in your maths book.<br>
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Theorem: Vertically opposite angles are equal in measure. Given: To prove : Construction: Proof: Straight angle Straight angle 1=2 Label angle 3 1=2 Intersecting lines L and K, with vertically opposite angles 1 and 2. 1+3=180 2+3=180 Q.E.D. 1+3=3+2 .....Subtract 3 from both sides 3<br>
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Theorem: The measure of the three angles of a triangle sum to 180. Given: To Prove: 1+2+3=180 Construction: Proof: 1=4 and 2=5 Alternate angles 1+2+3=4+5+3 But 4+5+3=180 Straight angle 1+2+3=180 The triangle abc with 1,2 and 3. 4 5 Q.E.D. Draw a line through a, Parallel to bc. Label angles 4 and 5.<br>
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Theorem: An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles in measure. Given: A triangle with interior opposite angles 1 and 2 and the exterior angle 3. To prove: 1+ 2= 3 Construction: Label angle 4 Proof: 1+ 2+ 4=180 3+ 4=180 Three angles in a triangle 1+ 2+ 4= 3+ 4 Straight angle 1+ 2= 3 4 Q.E.D.<br>
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Theorem: If to sides of a triangle are equal in measure, then the angles opposite these sides are equal in measure. Given: The triangle abc, with ab = ac and base angles 1 and 2. To prove: 1 = 2 Construction: Draw ad, the bisector of bac. Label angles 3 and 4. Proof: ab = ac given 3 = 4 construction ad = ad common SAS 1 = 2 Corresponding angles d Q.E.D.<br>
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Now work on practical examples from your maths books.<br>
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Theorem: Opposite sides and opposite angles of a parallelgram are respectively equal in measure. Given: Parallelogram abcd To prove: Construction: Join a to c. Label angles 1,2,3 and 4. Proof: 1= 2 and 3= 4 Alternate angles ac = ac common ASA ab = dcand ad = bc Corresponding sides And abc = adc Corresponding angles Similarly, bad = bcd ab = dc , ad = bc abc = adc, bad = bcd Q.E.D.<br>
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Theorem:A diagonal bisects the area of a parallelogram. Given: Parallelogram abcd with diagonal [ac]. To prove: Area of abc = area of adc. Proof: ab = dc Opposite sides ad = bc Opposite sides ac = ac Common SSS Q.E.D.<br>
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Now work on practical examples from your maths books.<br>
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Theorem: The measure of the angle at the centre of the circle is twice the measure of the angle at the circumference, standing on the same arc. Given: Circle, centre o, containing points a, b and c. To prove: boc = 2 bac Construction: Join a to o and continue to d. Label angles 1,2,3,4 and 5. Proof: d 1= 2 + 3 Exterior angle But 2 = 3 1 = 2 2 Similarly, 5 = 2 4 1+ 5 = 2 2 + 2 4 1 + 5 = 2(2 + 4) i.e. boc = 2 bac Q.E.D.<br>
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Deduction 1: All angles at the circumference on the same arc are equal in measure. To prove: bac = bdc Proof: 3 = 2 1 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference (both on the arc bc) 3 = 2 2 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference (both on arc bc) 2 1 = 2 2 1 = 2 i.e. bac = bdc Q.E.D.<br>
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Deduction 2: An angle subtended by a diameter at the circumference is a right angle. To prove: bac = 90 Proof: 2 = 2 1 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference (both on the arc bc) straight line. But 2 = 180 2 1 = 180 1 = 90 i.e. bac = 90 Q.E.D.<br>
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Deduction 3: The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180. To prove: bad + bcd = 180 3 = 2 1 Proof: Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference. (both on minor arc bd) 4 = 2 2 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference. (Both on the major arc bd) 3 + 4 = 2 1 + 2 2 But 3 + 4 = 360 Angles at a point 2 1 + 2 2 = 360 1 + 2 = 180 i.e. bad + bcd = 180 Q.E.D.<br>
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Now work on practical examples from your maths books.<br>
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Theorem: A line through the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord. Given: Circle, centre c, a line L containing c, chord [ab], such that L ab and L ab = d. To prove: ad = bd Construction: Label right angles 1 and 2. Proof: 1 = 2 = 90 Given ca = cb Both radii cd = cd common R H S Corresponding sides Q.E.D.<br>
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Now work on practical examples from your maths books.<br>
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Theorem: If two triangles are equiangular, the lengths of the corresponding sides are in proportion. Given : Two triangles with equal angles. To prove: Construction: On ab mark off ax equal in length to de. On ac mark off ay equal to df and label the angles 4 and 5. Proof: 1 = 4 [xy] is parallel to [bc] As xy is parallel to bc. Q.E.D.<br>
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Now work on practical examples from your maths books.<br>
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Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the side opposite to the right angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Q.E.D. To prove that angle 1 is 90º Proof: 3+ 4+ 5 = 180º ……Angles in a triangle But 5 = 90º => 3+ 4 = 90º => 3+ 2 = 90º ……Since 2 = 4 Now 1+ 2+ 3 = 180º ……Straight line => 1 = 180º - ( 3+ 2 ) => 1 = 180º - ( 90º ) ……Since 3+ 2 already proved to be 90º => 1 = 90º<br>
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Now work on practical examples from your maths books.<br>