Comparative literature Shaymaa A. Shahine Faculty of Arts Year 2 Codes of Conduct Phones are not allowed Start 10.30 to 12 p.m. Doors closes 10.40 Inside CLASS, you are allowed to drink water, eat what you have, go to Toilet, go out to use
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Comparative literature Shaymaa A. Shahine Faculty of Arts
Year 2<br>
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Codes of Conduct Phones are not allowed
Start 10.30 to 12 p.m.
Doors closes 10.40
Inside CLASS, you are allowed to drink water, eat what you have, go to Toilet, go out to use your phone (PLEASE DON’T CAUSE DISTURBANCE)
What is in it for you? Listening, Reading and Critical thinking
Volunteers for Reflection Tree
Volunteers for Question Bank<br>
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Retrospective view French school:
Emphasizes the influence rather than aspects of Text itself in the strictest sense
Trace History of comparative literature (Direct and Indirect Influence)
Trace history of literary movements (passive and negative Influence)
Influence: is simply the movement of an idea, a theme, an image, a literary tradition, or even a tone from a literary text into another.
Source (politicalization)
Originality (Nationality)
Translation (two or more different languages)
Khaled Hosseini Kite Runner عداء الطائرة الورقية /
Adaptation:
Harry Potter movies and fiction/ Women from Venice and Men from Mars النساء من الزمالك والرجال من بولاق
External problems<br>
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Types of Influence Literary & non-literary Shaw’s Pygmalion
Al-Hakim’s Pygmalion
Harry Potter and European Mythology
Darwin’s Evolution of Species
Planet of Apes Direct & Indirect Actual contact between writers:
Shaw and AlHakim
No contact
Shakespear’s plays are derived from older texts
Game of Thrones is derived from older texts
Harry Potter is derived from everything e,g, Serpent’s eyes
حي بن يقظان , Mowgli, and Peter Pan<br>
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Types of Influence Positive and negative Shakespeare’s Anthony and Cleopatra, Shaw’s Caesar and Cleopatra resulted in Shawkqi’s Cleapatra<br>
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Retrospective view German school:
Emphasizes the creation of a universal structure of oneness.
Evolvement of Ideas as the product of Human
American school: (Renẻ Wellek and Henry H. H. Remak)
Veselovsky: linked different literatures as a sign of resemblance in HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY
H. Macaulay Posnett: linked literature to Social Evolution, Individual Evolution, and environment
Mathew Arnold: Everywhere there is connexion, everywhere there is illustration: no single event, no single literature, is adequately comprehended except in its relation to other events, to other literatures.
Wellek “Criticism", "History of the Literature", "National Literature" and "General Literature" together.
Science (Remak: founding father)
Thematic evolving: Human experience is a LINGUISTIC RAW MATERIAL evolves in a NETWORK of texts
Intertextuality e.g. Shaw’s Pygmalion embeds Ovid’s Myth, Planet of Ape embeds Darwin’s Theory
Parallelism e.g.
DEPOLITICALIZATION of Comparative study
Translations<br>
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American School Parallel There is a HARMONY in process of developing LITERATURE, REGARDLESS of influence or mutual relation.
Similarities in human’s SOCIAL Evolution
Similarities in human’s HISTORICAL Evolution
SIMILARITIES= COMMON FEATURES
= PHENOMENON WITH SPECIFIC PATTERN
TOO VAST TO INVESTIGATE Intertextuality There is HARMONY= TEXTS are NETWORK
TEXTS are embedded directly or indirectly in TARGET text
ORIGINAL: HYPOTEXT
TARGET: INTERTEXT
TOO VAST TO INVESTIGATE<br>
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William Words Worth بجماليون لتوفيق الحكيم Old Testament Post colonial age تراب الماس
لأحمد مراد تراب الماس فيلم لأسر ياسين Pygmalion
By Bernard Shaw أدهم صبري Don Juan Bible Quraan Darwin’s theory سيدتي الجميلة لفؤاد المهندس وشويكار USA Wars Second language acquisition Planet of Apes ظل الأفعي ليوسف زيدان Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini TESOL Stonning of Soraya MBA Managerial quality Wide borders almost not defined<br>
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Critical Methodology is necessary to find similarities and differences
Objects of comparison
Thematic(quantity or quality) (Ideas/ Characters/ authors/ nationalities)
Technical (quantity or quality): Language/figures of speech
Example ??? Influence
Parallel
Intertextuality
Similarities and differences are explained according to 1or 2 or 3
Criteria (Thematic/Technical)according to which objects are compared
Quantity: With regard to repetition
Quality: With regard to LOVE, LUST, Married LIFE, Tragedy, Comedy, Real vs Ideal<br>
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French(Influence) The movement of
1- literary Genre and School
2- Ideological Echoes: IDEAS Religion/philosophy/history
3- Images Echoes: (A Country’s Image/An Image of a certain object or Charater in this country)
4-Verbal Echoes
5-Human Models and Heroes: ARCHETYPE
same Image from one literary work (Source Text) to other texts
Example:
Satan’s image in Paradise Lost
Lucifier’s image in Doctor Faust American(Intertexuality/ Parrallel) Image with variations due to cultural differences (Link)
Example:
Image of Sea in European poetry/drama
Image of Desert in Arabic poetry
Image of Trees in Indigious American Indian poetry
American School created INTERDISPLINARY ART with no consider for NATION, LINGUISTIC, POLITICS
Parallel: is to trace a certain characteristic in two different works beyond consistency, deviation, or origin.
Intertextuality: texts are embedded directly or indirectly in target texts<br>
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French Lack methods
Because it imposes binary studies
Lack terminology
Indirect Influence is controversial
Because ideas are echoed in most world literatures
For example:
Plato’s Republic and Marx’s communism are countlessly repeated
One Thousand Night and a Night
Mythology American Varying methods
No definite boarders
Intertextuality
Parallelism<br>
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Wrap questions Is a comparatists sole aim to establish links between two or more literary works?
What is a comparative methodology?
Which methodology do you prefer? Why?
What do you consider with each methodology?<br>
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Comparing and contrasting Similarities should therefore not be allowed to obscure differences
a certain type of measure can not be applied to all of the proposed, certain qualities are differently perceived by different people.<br>
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References Elmas Sahin. On Comparative Literature. International Journal of Literature and Arts. Special Issue: World Literature, Comparative Literature and (Comparative) Cultural Studies. Vol. 4, No. 1-1, 2016, pp. 5-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ijla.s.2016040101.12
Haun Saussy, ‘Comparative Literature?’, PMLA 2003, 118(2): 336-41 (336, 340). xl Bernheimer, Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism, p. 12.
Ferris, David, ‘Indiscipline’, in Comparative Literature in the Age of Globalization, edited by Haun Saussy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), pp. 78-99 (p. 91).
R. A. Jelliffe, ‘An Experiment in Comparative Literature’, College English 9 (1947) 2: 85-87 (p. 86).
Steiner, George, ‘What Is Comparative Literature?’, Comparative Criticism, 18 (1996), 157-71 (p. 436).
René Wellek, ‘The Crisis of Comparative Literature’, in Concepts of Criticism, edited by Stephen G. Nichols (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1963), pp. 282-295 (p. 290).<br>
