Coursebook Lesson 4 The Introduction and Thesis
Description: Coursebook Lesson 4 The Introduction and Thesis From: Cambridge International AS Level English General Paper Coursebook by Jill Pavich Key Elements of an Essay We have discussed the two types of essays in AICE EGP, argumentative and
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slide1. Coursebook Lesson 4 The Introduction and Thesis From: Cambridge International AS Level English General Paper Coursebook by Jill Pavich ‹#›<br>
slide2. ‹#›<br>
slide3. Key Elements of an Essay We have discussed the two types of essays in AICE EGP, argumentative and discursive. While they may differ in tone and shape (the way the writer organizes writing to develop a point or provide information) the share elements that are common to any essay. Specifically, each should include:
An introduction that presents your main idea (thesis)
Several body paragraphs developing arguments related to the main idea and using appropriate evidence
A reasoned conclusion which should make a personal judgement on the arguments rather than just summarizing (NOTE: “personal judgement” does NOT mean to say you should write “I think/feel/believe”!) ‹#›<br>
slide4. Key Terms (pg.19) Shape: the way the writer organizes writing to develop a point or provide information
Thesis: a summary of the main idea, which makes the intentions of an essay clear to the reader; this idea should be supported by evidence during the course of the essay
Evidence: the factual information that supports your reasons; evidence may appear in the form of examples, data (i.e. statistics), case studies, expert opinion or logic
Context: the circumstances and information you need to know in order to fully understand an issue ‹#›<br>
slide5. The Introduction: Key Features An introduction may, in any combination,
Introduce the topic by using key words from the essay question
Briefly consider possible meanings of the question before settling on your definition of terms
Determine the scope of your essay
Explain why the issue matters or why it is worth reading about now (context)
Present the main idea of the essay (thesis) ‹#›<br>
slide6. Example Introductory Paragraphs Activity: Read each of the introductory paragraphs and consider the following for each one:
In what ways are these introductions similar?
How are they unique?
How would you describe the tone of each? (Objective? Authoritative?)
What seems to be the writer’s intention for each? How do you know?
Prompt: In today’s society, to what extent does the use of accurate grammar still matter? ‹#›<br>
slide7. Introductory Paragraph 1 In a modern world, where digital tools like email, texting, and social media platforms are always preset, it might seem as though the rigid structures of formal grammar are no longer important in our day-to-day communication. The high-speed nature of text messaging often leaves out punctuation like apostrophes and commas; and the brevity of Twitter forces us to be creative with this system which uses few words. Despite these short cuts which we consider digitally acceptable, accurate grammar is still a necessary part of our modern world. Whether spoken or written, good grammar is directly associated with professional credibility and trust, so being accurate still matters when communicating today. ‹#›<br>
slide8. Introductory Paragraph 2 Today’s technology helps businesses communicate through digital tools like email, texting, and social media platforms. Social media is essential for marketing and team collaboration tools like Asana are crucial for encouraging productivity and meeting deadlines. While content can be more important than form when using these application, co-workers and consumers alike expect the use of accurate grammar in the business setting as well. Therefore, depending on your audience and purpose, accurate grammar may be necessary when communicating in today’s business world, though not always. ‹#›<br>
slide9. Thesis Statements The thesis is a one-sentence summary that expresses the main idea of your essay.
It makes your intentions clear to the audience and sets the tone for how you plan to treat the issue. It also gives your essay a clear focus. Everything you write in your essay should relate back to this claim and it’s intentions. This makes it the most essential component of any introduction. ‹#›<br>
slide10. Guidelines for Drafting a Thesis Statement A thesis statement:
Uses the same terms as the essay question
Serves as the guide for all reasons and evidence to follow in your essay
Is a one-sentence summary of your essay’s content
May change as the essay takes shape (i.e. you can change the wording of your thesis later or make it more specific when you revisit it in the conclusion) ‹#›<br>
slide11. Drafting Your Thesis The main rule is to avoid a long list of reasons. Having too many ideas listed in a row makes a thesis sound awkward, too long, or even disjointed. It may prove more useful to offer a broader thesis to start with, then tighten it by the conclusion, once all evidence has been considered. Make sure your thesis is clear, connected, and easy for the audience to follow.
EXAMPLE: In today’s society, the use of accurate grammar is still necessary because it builds credibility, upholds academic values, ensures clear communication, maintains traditional systems, and makes the world a better place.
What were the thesis statements in the example introductions? Highlight them in your notes. Notice how they are different in tone. A discursive thesis statement usually has a less urgent tone than an argumentative one, for instance. ‹#›<br>
slide12. Introducing Your Topic Introducing your topic is the easiest step in writing an introduction because you can use the key words from the essay question to help you start. For example, the essay question we have been considering it:
In today’s society, to what extent does the use of accurate grammar still matter?
So you might find it helpful to use some variation of the following key words in your introduction:
Accuracy
Grammar
Still matters/doesn’t matter
Today’s society ‹#›<br>
slide13. Defining Terms and Setting Limits As you introduce the topic for your reader you should define key words from the question and indicate what limits you will place on them. For example, the concept of accurate grammar might need clearer definition.
How might you define some of the other words in the question, such as what is meant by today’s society? Does this refer to your immediate environment / geographic location (e.g. the US state of Florida, Malaysian society, in the East or West), or does it invite a broader interpretation (e.g. 21st-century, global society)?
To use our T-chart activity, we talked about what kind of censorship the prompt addressed. Television? Movies? Against what? Violence? Language? Sex? Politics? These issues must be decided before you delve into your essay! ‹#›<br>
slide14. The ‘Hook’ As we’ve talked about, in your previous years you have been told to provide a ‘hook’ or an ‘attention grabber.’ This strategy can still be employed, but in a more sophisticated way. Simple questions and “Imagine if…” scenarios will no longer suffice, although that particular strategy does. When used well, these strategies can be effective in engaging your audience.
Some strategies you could still use:
A well-known quotation
Some persuasive data
A familiar reference
A hypothetical scenario ‹#›<br>
slide15. Giving a Sense of ‘Why this Topic Matters’ A more mature way to get your reader’s attention, however, is to make them care. If your audience members are going to invest the time in reading your essay, they want to be assured that there is something worthwhile to gain from it. By establishing a case for why a topic/issue is important, you will give your readers a reason to continue reading.
We will look at two ways of explaining why your essay topic is valuable, which is also part of developing context. Keep in mind that, because of the timed nature of the writing task, this is mean to be a brief part of your introduction. ‹#›<br>
slide16. Past-to-Present Development Ask yourself: when did the issue first start and how has it changed since then? How can you illustrate its recent development or the momentum it has gained? You should explain to your audience the growing need to understand the issue. Why now? If you can show how the issue is relevant to them, your readers will be more likely to listen to what you have to say.
Read the past-to-present opening lines on the next slide. Which is more effective and why? ‹#›<br>
slide17. Past-to-Present Development Examples #1: Technology has existed since the Neolithic Era when metal tools became widespread, and its progress over time has led to major advances in the way we communicate.
#2: Once companies like IBM and Apple coined the term ‘smartphone’ in the early 1990s, it was clear that communication would never be the same again. ‹#›<br>
slide18. Local-to-Global Significance Another way to keep the attention of your audience is to emphasize the global significance of your topic. If you can show how this issue matters to everyone, everywhere, members of your audience are more likely to want to know more about it. This strategy also allows you to consider your topic from different viewpoints, where possible, rather than just from your own local perspective. Think globally! ‹#›<br>
slide19. Elements of the A level Introduction In order to get a high score on your exam, you must show that you understand that there are MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES that can be taken with your prompt. You can do this in the introduction, where you should:
Introduce your topic using past-to-present development. Think about WHEN this issue first became important, and how it has evolved over time.
Show various interpretations of the prompt and provide context
Narrow your scope (show which perspective you’re going to take)
Define terms (anything that isn’t obvious- but don’t be juvenile by saying “This means…”)
Make your approach (discursive or argumentative) clear in your one-sentence thesis
Your introduction should be more than two sentences, including your thesis! ‹#›<br>
slide20. Assignment: Craft a Thesis and Introduction Using EITHER one of the prompts we used with our T-charts OR the one you used on your summer assignment, begin crafting a thesis and introduction. If you CHOOSE to work in small groups or a partner you can, but keep in mind that this is a good time to get started on your rewrite, since I am here to help you.
If you choose to work with a partner or in groups, you must choose ONE prompt and you will be filling out Peer Evaluation forms upon completion. “Group” work does not consist of one person doing the work. Everyone must contribute! ‹#›<br>
slide2. ‹#›<br>
slide3. Key Elements of an Essay We have discussed the two types of essays in AICE EGP, argumentative and discursive. While they may differ in tone and shape (the way the writer organizes writing to develop a point or provide information) the share elements that are common to any essay. Specifically, each should include:
An introduction that presents your main idea (thesis)
Several body paragraphs developing arguments related to the main idea and using appropriate evidence
A reasoned conclusion which should make a personal judgement on the arguments rather than just summarizing (NOTE: “personal judgement” does NOT mean to say you should write “I think/feel/believe”!) ‹#›<br>
slide4. Key Terms (pg.19) Shape: the way the writer organizes writing to develop a point or provide information
Thesis: a summary of the main idea, which makes the intentions of an essay clear to the reader; this idea should be supported by evidence during the course of the essay
Evidence: the factual information that supports your reasons; evidence may appear in the form of examples, data (i.e. statistics), case studies, expert opinion or logic
Context: the circumstances and information you need to know in order to fully understand an issue ‹#›<br>
slide5. The Introduction: Key Features An introduction may, in any combination,
Introduce the topic by using key words from the essay question
Briefly consider possible meanings of the question before settling on your definition of terms
Determine the scope of your essay
Explain why the issue matters or why it is worth reading about now (context)
Present the main idea of the essay (thesis) ‹#›<br>
slide6. Example Introductory Paragraphs Activity: Read each of the introductory paragraphs and consider the following for each one:
In what ways are these introductions similar?
How are they unique?
How would you describe the tone of each? (Objective? Authoritative?)
What seems to be the writer’s intention for each? How do you know?
Prompt: In today’s society, to what extent does the use of accurate grammar still matter? ‹#›<br>
slide7. Introductory Paragraph 1 In a modern world, where digital tools like email, texting, and social media platforms are always preset, it might seem as though the rigid structures of formal grammar are no longer important in our day-to-day communication. The high-speed nature of text messaging often leaves out punctuation like apostrophes and commas; and the brevity of Twitter forces us to be creative with this system which uses few words. Despite these short cuts which we consider digitally acceptable, accurate grammar is still a necessary part of our modern world. Whether spoken or written, good grammar is directly associated with professional credibility and trust, so being accurate still matters when communicating today. ‹#›<br>
slide8. Introductory Paragraph 2 Today’s technology helps businesses communicate through digital tools like email, texting, and social media platforms. Social media is essential for marketing and team collaboration tools like Asana are crucial for encouraging productivity and meeting deadlines. While content can be more important than form when using these application, co-workers and consumers alike expect the use of accurate grammar in the business setting as well. Therefore, depending on your audience and purpose, accurate grammar may be necessary when communicating in today’s business world, though not always. ‹#›<br>
slide9. Thesis Statements The thesis is a one-sentence summary that expresses the main idea of your essay.
It makes your intentions clear to the audience and sets the tone for how you plan to treat the issue. It also gives your essay a clear focus. Everything you write in your essay should relate back to this claim and it’s intentions. This makes it the most essential component of any introduction. ‹#›<br>
slide10. Guidelines for Drafting a Thesis Statement A thesis statement:
Uses the same terms as the essay question
Serves as the guide for all reasons and evidence to follow in your essay
Is a one-sentence summary of your essay’s content
May change as the essay takes shape (i.e. you can change the wording of your thesis later or make it more specific when you revisit it in the conclusion) ‹#›<br>
slide11. Drafting Your Thesis The main rule is to avoid a long list of reasons. Having too many ideas listed in a row makes a thesis sound awkward, too long, or even disjointed. It may prove more useful to offer a broader thesis to start with, then tighten it by the conclusion, once all evidence has been considered. Make sure your thesis is clear, connected, and easy for the audience to follow.
EXAMPLE: In today’s society, the use of accurate grammar is still necessary because it builds credibility, upholds academic values, ensures clear communication, maintains traditional systems, and makes the world a better place.
What were the thesis statements in the example introductions? Highlight them in your notes. Notice how they are different in tone. A discursive thesis statement usually has a less urgent tone than an argumentative one, for instance. ‹#›<br>
slide12. Introducing Your Topic Introducing your topic is the easiest step in writing an introduction because you can use the key words from the essay question to help you start. For example, the essay question we have been considering it:
In today’s society, to what extent does the use of accurate grammar still matter?
So you might find it helpful to use some variation of the following key words in your introduction:
Accuracy
Grammar
Still matters/doesn’t matter
Today’s society ‹#›<br>
slide13. Defining Terms and Setting Limits As you introduce the topic for your reader you should define key words from the question and indicate what limits you will place on them. For example, the concept of accurate grammar might need clearer definition.
How might you define some of the other words in the question, such as what is meant by today’s society? Does this refer to your immediate environment / geographic location (e.g. the US state of Florida, Malaysian society, in the East or West), or does it invite a broader interpretation (e.g. 21st-century, global society)?
To use our T-chart activity, we talked about what kind of censorship the prompt addressed. Television? Movies? Against what? Violence? Language? Sex? Politics? These issues must be decided before you delve into your essay! ‹#›<br>
slide14. The ‘Hook’ As we’ve talked about, in your previous years you have been told to provide a ‘hook’ or an ‘attention grabber.’ This strategy can still be employed, but in a more sophisticated way. Simple questions and “Imagine if…” scenarios will no longer suffice, although that particular strategy does. When used well, these strategies can be effective in engaging your audience.
Some strategies you could still use:
A well-known quotation
Some persuasive data
A familiar reference
A hypothetical scenario ‹#›<br>
slide15. Giving a Sense of ‘Why this Topic Matters’ A more mature way to get your reader’s attention, however, is to make them care. If your audience members are going to invest the time in reading your essay, they want to be assured that there is something worthwhile to gain from it. By establishing a case for why a topic/issue is important, you will give your readers a reason to continue reading.
We will look at two ways of explaining why your essay topic is valuable, which is also part of developing context. Keep in mind that, because of the timed nature of the writing task, this is mean to be a brief part of your introduction. ‹#›<br>
slide16. Past-to-Present Development Ask yourself: when did the issue first start and how has it changed since then? How can you illustrate its recent development or the momentum it has gained? You should explain to your audience the growing need to understand the issue. Why now? If you can show how the issue is relevant to them, your readers will be more likely to listen to what you have to say.
Read the past-to-present opening lines on the next slide. Which is more effective and why? ‹#›<br>
slide17. Past-to-Present Development Examples #1: Technology has existed since the Neolithic Era when metal tools became widespread, and its progress over time has led to major advances in the way we communicate.
#2: Once companies like IBM and Apple coined the term ‘smartphone’ in the early 1990s, it was clear that communication would never be the same again. ‹#›<br>
slide18. Local-to-Global Significance Another way to keep the attention of your audience is to emphasize the global significance of your topic. If you can show how this issue matters to everyone, everywhere, members of your audience are more likely to want to know more about it. This strategy also allows you to consider your topic from different viewpoints, where possible, rather than just from your own local perspective. Think globally! ‹#›<br>
slide19. Elements of the A level Introduction In order to get a high score on your exam, you must show that you understand that there are MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES that can be taken with your prompt. You can do this in the introduction, where you should:
Introduce your topic using past-to-present development. Think about WHEN this issue first became important, and how it has evolved over time.
Show various interpretations of the prompt and provide context
Narrow your scope (show which perspective you’re going to take)
Define terms (anything that isn’t obvious- but don’t be juvenile by saying “This means…”)
Make your approach (discursive or argumentative) clear in your one-sentence thesis
Your introduction should be more than two sentences, including your thesis! ‹#›<br>
slide20. Assignment: Craft a Thesis and Introduction Using EITHER one of the prompts we used with our T-charts OR the one you used on your summer assignment, begin crafting a thesis and introduction. If you CHOOSE to work in small groups or a partner you can, but keep in mind that this is a good time to get started on your rewrite, since I am here to help you.
If you choose to work with a partner or in groups, you must choose ONE prompt and you will be filling out Peer Evaluation forms upon completion. “Group” work does not consist of one person doing the work. Everyone must contribute! ‹#›<br>