End of the Cold War – Why did the Cold

slide1. End of the Cold War – Why did the Cold War develop? (Overview ) USA VS USSRDemocracy vs CommunismCapitalism vs Socialism<br>
slide2. COLD WAR - Characteristics Political, Strategic and Ideological struggle between the USA and USSR- Spreading through the whole world.

Struggle nearly developed into a war

Competitive Social and Economical ideologies<br>
slide3. End of the Second World War: Why did a Cold War develop? Winston Churchill (GB), Franklin Roosevelt (VSA) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) at Yalta for the meeting to discuss the future of post war Germany. Mistrust between the West and the USSR
Suspicions and tensions increased
During WW2 the USA, USSR and BRTAIN formed a GRAND ALLIANCE –reason to defeat Germany
Uneasy Alliance<br>
slide4. Yalta Conference (1945) Main Purpose: To decide what to do about Germany and the countries controlled by the Germans in Eastern Europe – once the Nazi had been defeated in the war?
Agreement: Germany would be divided into 4 zones
Zones of Occupation: administered by one of the Big Three Allied Powers
Agreed that the countries in Eastern Europe should be allowed to hold free elections<br>
slide5. The Potsdam conference (July-August 1945) Germany was defeated in May 1945 – between the USSR and the WEST
Second conference of Allied leaders held at Potsdam – Potsdam Conference
Soviet Army was in control of Eastern Europe
Communist government in Poland
Roosevelt had died – replaced by Truman (much more anti-communist - suspicious of Stalin)<br>
slide6. The Potsdam conference (July-August 1945) USA developed and tested the first atomic bomb - Americans did not inform Stalin
More mistrust
Churchill defeated in a general election – replaced by Attlee (new Labour Prime minister)
Suspicion between Stalin and Truman dominated the conference
Key Area of disagreement: what to do about Germany<br>
slide7. Occupation of Germany Germany divided into four zones of occupation
Soviet Union would administer the Eastern Zone
USA, BRITAIN AND FRANCE would administer the Western zones
The city of Berlin would also be divided into four sectors
They agreed that Germany remain united and that economically they should work in co-operation with the long term goal of keeping Germany one country<br>
slide8. The USSR and the USA – the creation of spheres of influence Both superpowers tried to strengthen their control over parts of Europe
The USSR in Eastern Europe and the USA in Western Europe
The USSR annexed the eastern part of Poland
USSR ensured that Soviet-friendly governments came to power in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and East Germany
These countries became known as Soviet Satellites
Presence of the Soviet Army ensured Soviet friendly governments came to power
The free elections, which the USSR had agreed at Yalta did not take place
A communist coup (violent change in government) in Czechoslovakia seemed to confirm Western suspicions that the USSR was trying to extend its control and influence<br>
slide9. Soviet –friendly governments in the satellite states USA and BRITAIN worried
That communist governments would take control in the rest of Europe
E.g. Greece, Italy and France
“Iron-curtain” speech by Churchill
Dividing Europe into East and West<br>
slide10. The USA’s Policy of Containment: the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan Concerns about the extension of Soviet control led to a radical change in American foreign policy
USA believed that the USSR wanted to establish communist government throughout Europe and in other parts of the world
USA did not return to its traditional policy of isolation
Became actively involved in world affairs
USA adopted a policy of containment: to contain or check the spread of communism<br>
slide11. The Truman Doctrine Reasons: Civil war in Greece broke out between: communist-led guerrillas and the Greek government
In Turkey a similar situation had developed
USA believed that in both cases the USSR supported communism
President Truman announced the change in policy
USA- prepared to send money, military equipment and advice to any country that was threatened by a communist takeover
The Truman Doctrine became the basis of American policy during the Cold War
USA sent aid to Greek and Turkish governments-this helped them to defeat the communist guerrillas<br>
slide12. The Marshall Plan Policy of containment-prevent spread of communism
USA secretary of State: George Marshall
He investigated the post war economic situation in Europe
He reported much of Europe destroyed - people were suffering
USA decided on economic aid – Aim to rebuild the post-war European economies
Between 1948 and 1952 the USA gave $17 billion of Marshall aid
Help them to rebuild their economies
Purpose: to help bring about a remarkable economic recovery
It was successful<br>
slide13. The Soviet Response to the Marshall plan Stalin suspicious of the aims behind the Marshall Plan – saw it as a form of “dollar diplomacy”
He would not allow any of the Soviet satellites to accept the Marshall Plan
Marshall-plan increased the divisions between Eastern and Western Europe
Stalin set up Cominform to co-ordinate communist parties of Eastern Europe
Independent –minded leaders were replaced by those who were loyal to Stalin
Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Aid) formed in 1949<br>
slide14. The Berlin Crisis (1940-1961) Differences over management of Germany caused the first crisis of the Cold War
Berlin Capital of Germany which lay deep within the Soviet zone
Different political and economic systems in the different German zones
Soviet zone: a communist dictatorship was established - Nationalising of Industries
Economic recovery slow – was instructed not to accept American Aid
USSR forced East Germans to pay reparations
Reichsmark as their currency<br>
slide15. Western Zones: Different political parties formed
Local Democratic elections held
Free Enterprise were encouraged
Rapid economic recovery began – helped by Marshall Plan
1948 Western Zones had united
New currency (Deutsche mark)<br>
slide16. 1948-49: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift The three Western Sectors of Berlin were over 160 km from the Western zones of Germany
The Deutsche Mark (Western Currency) dominant currency in Berlin
The Reichsmark (Soviet zone)- lost its value
Stalin believed that the Western powers were waging economic warfare
Stalin closed all surface routes (road, rail and canal) between Berlin and the Western zones
Berlin Blockade cut off the two and a half million citizens in West Berlin from supplies and contact with the Western zones<br>
slide17. The West did not want to force the USSR to lift the blockade, hoping to avoid war in this way.
USSR sees Western decision as a weakness in leadership
Western decision on the establishment of the Berlin Airlift
For nearly a year the West supplied the Western sectors of Berlin
with Food, fuel, building material
In 1949 Stalin called off the Blockade
the tension between the superpowers increases
the superpowers
Berlin became a symbol of Cold War tensions<br>
slide18. Germany divided into two separate states Western Zones:
Became the German Federal Republic (West Germany)
Capital - Bonn
Leader: Konrad Adenauer

Soviet Zone:
Became the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
Capital: East-Berlin
Leader: Walter Ulbricht

Germany was to remain divided for the next 40 years<br>
slide19. 1953: Uprisings in East Berlin Protests by workers in East Berlin
Spread Throughout East Germany
Workers demanded:
End of Communism
Withdrawal of Soviet forces
Uprisings crushed by Soviet Army – 500 East Germans were executed
300 000 East
Germans fled to the West
The East German government introduced some reforms<br>
slide20. 1958-60: Further tensions over Berlin – The U2 Spy Plane incident 1958 the new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, demanded that the West hand over Berlin to East Germany
West ignored this demand
In 1960 Khrushchev and President Eisenhower (USA) planned to meet in Paris to discuss the future of Berlin
USSR cancelled the meeting when an American Spy Plane was shot down while it was flying over the USSR
The plane had been photographing military installations
Americans were forced to admit their involvement
Eisenhower refused to apologise for the incident
Khrushchev stormed out of the Paris meeting
Many people criticised Eisenhower actions as irresponsible
The incident increased the tensions between the superpowers (USSR and USA)<br>
slide21. 1961: The Building of the Berlin Wall In 1961 – Berlin again became the focus of attention
10 000 people a week were leaving
Reason: leaving for the higher standard of living and greater freedom which the West offered
USSR wanted to stop the loss of people, and the skills they took with them to the West by leaving through Berlin
August 1961, East German authorities built a wall to divide East and West Berlin
Cutting the city in half overnight
This high, fortified Berlin Wall with its machine gun posts and searchlights, stopped the flow of refugees
The West was powerless to prevent the building of the Wall<br>
slide22. West Berlin was an island of Capitalism and Democracy surrounded by East Germany
Many East Germans died trying to escape across the Wall
The Wall became a Famous Symbol of the Cold War period<br>
slide23. Opposing Military Alliances Tension between the Superpowers led to the creation of two military alliances

USA and Western European Allies: formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

The USSR and its Allies: formed the Warsaw Treaty Organisation (Warsaw Pact)<br>
slide24. 1949: The Formation of NATO USA concerned that the USSR wanted communist control over Western Europe
Military strength of the Soviet Union was much greater than the combined strength of the armed forces of Western Europe
USA decided to form a military alliance with its western European Allies
US forces in readiness in case of a Soviet attack
NATO formed – headquarters in Paris
USA provided most of the forces and weapons
Set up military bases in Britain, Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey<br>
slide25. The West viewed NATO as a form of protection against the spread of communism
The USSR saw it as another attempt by the USA to increase its influence in Europe
Both superpowers were determined to maintain their spheres of influence in Europe
France challenged the US domination of western Europe
President Gaulle withdrew French forces from NATO – wanted France to have its own nuclear weapons programme and a more independent foreign policy
NATO headquarters moved from Paris to Brussels in Belgium<br>
slide26. 1955: The formation of the Warsaw Pact The West allow West Germany to join NATO in 1955
USSR feared that this could lead to the growth of militarism in Germany
Soviet troops remained in most Warsaw Pact countries.
West saw the Warsaw Pact as a means by which the Soviet Union could maintain its control over Eastern Europe
Some Warsaw Pact members threatened to withdraw e.g.. Hungary
USSR used its army to crush the uprisings in Hungary
Czech people rose up in revolt against Soviet domination
Soviet government announced the Brezhnev Doctrine(Soviet foreign policy , giving the USSR the right to intervene in the satellite states)<br>
slide27. Competition between the opposing Military Alliances The competition between the superpowers was not confined to political control and military alliances
ARMS RACE
Technology and science played an important role in the production of weapons
A Deadly Arms Race Developed
By the 1960’s , both sides had enough weapons to destroy each other
Each hoped that knowing this would be enough to stop the other side from attacking first<br>
slide28. Competition between the opposing Military Alliances MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction – people around the world lived in fear
one wrong decision or mistake, could result in the destruction of the whole world
The cost of the arms race was enormous – it was a drain on the economies of both superpowers
By the late 1960’s the two sides had started talks about reducing the arms race
These talks were known as SALT - (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks)
The SALT 1 agreement signed in 1972 was an important first step in slowing down the arms race<br>
slide29. SPACE RACE: The USSR launched the first satellite into space – called Sputnik
1961 – Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit earth
USSR first country to send a woman into space namely (Valentina Tereshkova)
It seemed the USSR was way ahead in science and technology
Pres John Kennedy ordered scientist to speed up work on America’s own space programme<br>
slide30. SPACE RACE: 1969 – USA the first to land a human on the moon
The Superpowers tried to protect their spheres of interest through espionage
Huge networks of Spies to learn secret information about the other side - (CIA & KGB)
The competition between the two sides also extended to popular culture, sport and many other fields
Spy thrillers became a popular form of fiction (James Bond)<br>