Global Water Modules Module 9: Examples of Water
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Global Water Modules Module 9: Examples of Water Wars Accessible, vetted, and modifiable learning modules for faculty on global water security, connecting local and global, developed by Jenny Kehl, PhD. Made possible by UWM, NRC, CIE, GS,
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01
Global Water Modules Module 9:
Examples of Water Wars
Accessible, vetted, and modifiable learning modules for faculty on global water security, connecting local and global, developed by Jenny Kehl, PhD. Made possible by UWM, NRC, CIE, GS, IS National Resource Center
Center for International Education
Global Studies
International Studies<br>
Examples of Water Wars
Accessible, vetted, and modifiable learning modules for faculty on global water security, connecting local and global, developed by Jenny Kehl, PhD. Made possible by UWM, NRC, CIE, GS, IS National Resource Center
Center for International Education
Global Studies
International Studies<br>
02
Global Water Modules
Module 9:
Examples of Water Wars National Resource Center
Center for International Education
Global Studies
International Studies<br>
Module 9:
Examples of Water Wars National Resource Center
Center for International Education
Global Studies
International Studies<br>
03
Resource Security and Water Wars “If the wars of this century were fought
over oil, wars of the next will be fought
over water”
Ismael Serageldin (2000) VP-World Bank<br>
over oil, wars of the next will be fought
over water”
Ismael Serageldin (2000) VP-World Bank<br>
04
Water Wars Note: The series of water disputes -water wars- included here in Global Water Module 9 is a brief report of the most foundational, pivotal, and impactful water disputes worldwide from 2000-2020. It is different than the other nine Modules in the series: The purpose is to provide examples of the most consequential water wars so that you, the instructor of your respective courses, can browse, study, and select the cases you deem most appropriate for your class topics. There are over 35 water wars involving over 100 countries introduced here, from which you can select cases to research and teach according to your needs and interests.<br>
05
Water Wars Trading and Hijacking Water and Energy
Water, Energy, and Development Disputes, 2000-2020, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan:
Kyrgyzstan frequently cuts off water to Kazakhstan until coal supplies are delivered.
Uzbekistan frequently cuts off water supplies to Kazakhstan for nonpayment of debt.
These disputes often strategically occur in the winter, when stakes are high, death tolls will be high, and neighboring powerhouses Russia and China will also suffer negative effects.<br>
Water, Energy, and Development Disputes, 2000-2020, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan:
Kyrgyzstan frequently cuts off water to Kazakhstan until coal supplies are delivered.
Uzbekistan frequently cuts off water supplies to Kazakhstan for nonpayment of debt.
These disputes often strategically occur in the winter, when stakes are high, death tolls will be high, and neighboring powerhouses Russia and China will also suffer negative effects.<br>
06
Water Wars<br>
07
Water Wars France, water protests, 2000-2020
“The environment and public health [have been] held hostage in order to exert pressure, an unheard-of situation until now,” joint statements by French analysts.
For example, workers at Cellatex chemical plant dumped 5,000 liters of sulfuric acid into the Meuse River when they were denied benefits.
France now has widespread free access to clean and safe water. It is now illegal to hold environmental services hostage from government or public uses.<br>
“The environment and public health [have been] held hostage in order to exert pressure, an unheard-of situation until now,” joint statements by French analysts.
For example, workers at Cellatex chemical plant dumped 5,000 liters of sulfuric acid into the Meuse River when they were denied benefits.
France now has widespread free access to clean and safe water. It is now illegal to hold environmental services hostage from government or public uses.<br>
08
Water Wars: water protests in France<br>
09
Water Wars Hazarajat, Afghanistan, Development Disputes, 2000-2020
Violent conflict and water riots break out over water resources and scarcity due to drought, development and infrastructure inequities.
The next slide offers a map of drought severity in Afghanistan and a photo of a mining drill converted to mine water.<br>
Violent conflict and water riots break out over water resources and scarcity due to drought, development and infrastructure inequities.
The next slide offers a map of drought severity in Afghanistan and a photo of a mining drill converted to mine water.<br>
10
Water Wars<br>
11
Water Wars Gujurat, India, Protest and Development Disputes, 2000-2020
Water riots break out over govt failure to provide water via water trucks, and diversion of water from Kankavati Dam. Police shot into the crowd, killed 3 and injured 20 in initial dispute.<br>
Water riots break out over govt failure to provide water via water trucks, and diversion of water from Kankavati Dam. Police shot into the crowd, killed 3 and injured 20 in initial dispute.<br>
12
Water Wars<br>
13
Water Wars Kenya, Development Disputes, 2000-2020
Water tankers bring water to desperate villages in a drought-stricken areas. Animals, desperate for water, attack the tankers and villagers.<br>
Water tankers bring water to desperate villages in a drought-stricken areas. Animals, desperate for water, attack the tankers and villagers.<br>
14
Water Wars Australia, Cyber-terrorism, 2000-2020
A man used a computer and radio transmitter to take control of the Maroochy Shire wastewater system and released sewage into parks, rivers, and private property 2000. Recent droughts have worsened agriculture and energy production, 2020 Australia is looking to outsource more of its food security to South Asia.<br>
A man used a computer and radio transmitter to take control of the Maroochy Shire wastewater system and released sewage into parks, rivers, and private property 2000. Recent droughts have worsened agriculture and energy production, 2020 Australia is looking to outsource more of its food security to South Asia.<br>
15
Water Wars China, Protest and Development Disputes, 2000-2020
Water riots and civil unrest erupt over control of Baiyangdian Lake, Shandong Prov. To put down the protests, Govt cuts off water supplies. Unrest increases.
Guangdong Province Govt destroys water channels (to prevent another Province from diverting water).<br>
Water riots and civil unrest erupt over control of Baiyangdian Lake, Shandong Prov. To put down the protests, Govt cuts off water supplies. Unrest increases.
Guangdong Province Govt destroys water channels (to prevent another Province from diverting water).<br>
16
Water Wars Israel and Palestine, Terrorism and Military Target, 2001-2020
Palestinians accuse Israel of destroying a water cisterns, blocking water tankers and deliveries, and attacking wastewater treatment projects.
Palestinians destroy water supply pipelines to West Bank settlement of Yitzhar and to Kibbutz Kisufim. AgbatJabar refugee camp near Jericho is disconnected from its water supply.<br>
Palestinians accuse Israel of destroying a water cisterns, blocking water tankers and deliveries, and attacking wastewater treatment projects.
Palestinians destroy water supply pipelines to West Bank settlement of Yitzhar and to Kibbutz Kisufim. AgbatJabar refugee camp near Jericho is disconnected from its water supply.<br>
17
Water Wars Pakistan, Development Disputes and Terrorism, 2001-2020
Civil unrest over severe water shortages caused by the long-term drought.
Recent riots, four bombs in Karachi, 1death, 12 injuries, 30 arrests. Ethnic conflicts as some groups “accuse the government of favoring the populous Punjab province [over Sindh province] in water distribution.”<br>
Civil unrest over severe water shortages caused by the long-term drought.
Recent riots, four bombs in Karachi, 1death, 12 injuries, 30 arrests. Ethnic conflicts as some groups “accuse the government of favoring the populous Punjab province [over Sindh province] in water distribution.”<br>
18
Water Wars<br>
19
Water Wars Macedonia, Terrorism and Military Target, 2001-2020
Water flow to Kumanovo (population 100,000) gets cut off repeatedly in conflicts between ethnic Albanians and Macedonian forces.
Valves of Glaznja and Lipkovo Lakes are targeted and damaged during disputes.<br>
Water flow to Kumanovo (population 100,000) gets cut off repeatedly in conflicts between ethnic Albanians and Macedonian forces.
Valves of Glaznja and Lipkovo Lakes are targeted and damaged during disputes.<br>
20
Water Wars China, Protest and Development Dispute, 2001-2020
Protests grow over the destruction of fisheries from uncontrolled pollution growth and because 90 million tons of toxic industrial wastewater are regularly discharged into Shengze’s watershed.<br>
Protests grow over the destruction of fisheries from uncontrolled pollution growth and because 90 million tons of toxic industrial wastewater are regularly discharged into Shengze’s watershed.<br>
21
Water Wars Philippines, Terrorism, 2001-2020
Muslim guerrillas (formerly linked to Osama bin Laden) threaten to poison the water of a Christian town (Isabel) if the military does not stop their offensives against them. Villages in the region often find poison in the water, and the govt had to shut off the water to protect public health.<br>
Muslim guerrillas (formerly linked to Osama bin Laden) threaten to poison the water of a Christian town (Isabel) if the military does not stop their offensives against them. Villages in the region often find poison in the water, and the govt had to shut off the water to protect public health.<br>
22
Water Wars Kandahar, Afghanistan Military Target, 2001-2020
U.S. forces and others periodically target and bomb hydroelectric plant at Kajaki Dam to cut off electricity to Kandahar.<br>
U.S. forces and others periodically target and bomb hydroelectric plant at Kajaki Dam to cut off electricity to Kandahar.<br>
23
Water Wars Nepal, Terrorsim, 2002-2020
1. The Khumbuwan Liberation Front (KLF) attacks a hydroelectric plant in BhojpurDistrict.
The power supply to Bhojpur and adjoining areas is frequently cut off. Estimated repair time is six months, with costs estimated at 10 million Rs each time power is disrupted.
2. Maoist rebels destroy micro-hydro projects, drinking water projects, and pipelines supplying water to Nepal.<br>
1. The Khumbuwan Liberation Front (KLF) attacks a hydroelectric plant in BhojpurDistrict.
The power supply to Bhojpur and adjoining areas is frequently cut off. Estimated repair time is six months, with costs estimated at 10 million Rs each time power is disrupted.
2. Maoist rebels destroy micro-hydro projects, drinking water projects, and pipelines supplying water to Nepal.<br>
24
Water Wars United States, water-related terrorism, 2002-2020
1. Papers seized during the arrest of a Lebanese national who moved to the U.S. and became an Imam at a Islamist mosque in Seattle include “instructions on poisoning water sources” from a London-based al-Qaeda recruiter.<br>
1. Papers seized during the arrest of a Lebanese national who moved to the U.S. and became an Imam at a Islamist mosque in Seattle include “instructions on poisoning water sources” from a London-based al-Qaeda recruiter.<br>
25
Water Wars 2. The FBI issues a bulletin to security experts saying that al-Qaeda terrorists are studying American dams and water-supply systems in preparation for new attacks.
“U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies have received indications that al-Qaida members specifically sought information on water supply and wastewater management practices in the U.S.” quoted from the Security Focus bulletin.<br>
“U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies have received indications that al-Qaida members specifically sought information on water supply and wastewater management practices in the U.S.” quoted from the Security Focus bulletin.<br>
26
Water Wars Colombia, Terrorism, 2002-2020
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), detonates explosive devices on a gate valve located inside the Chingaza Dam, which supplies most of Bogota’s drinking water.<br>
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), detonates explosive devices on a gate valve located inside the Chingaza Dam, which supplies most of Bogota’s drinking water.<br>
27
Water Wars<br>
28
Water Wars India, Development Dispute, 2002-2020
Continuing violence over the allocation of the Cauvery River between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Riots, property destruction, injuries, dozens of arrests.<br>
Continuing violence over the allocation of the Cauvery River between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Riots, property destruction, injuries, dozens of arrests.<br>
29
Water Wars Colombia, Terrorism and Development Disputes, 2003-2020
Attacks and bomb blasts at the Cali Drinking Water Treatment Plant kill workers who are vocal members of a trade union involved in intense negotiations over privatization of water systems.<br>
Attacks and bomb blasts at the Cali Drinking Water Treatment Plant kill workers who are vocal members of a trade union involved in intense negotiations over privatization of water systems.<br>
30
Water Wars Jordan, Terrorism, 2003-2020
Jordanian authorities arrest Iraqi agents in connection with plots to poison the water supply that serves American troops in the eastern Jordanian desert near the border with Iraq. The scheme involves poisoning a water tank that supplies American soldiers at a military base in Khao.<br>
Jordanian authorities arrest Iraqi agents in connection with plots to poison the water supply that serves American troops in the eastern Jordanian desert near the border with Iraq. The scheme involves poisoning a water tank that supplies American soldiers at a military base in Khao.<br>
31
Water Wars Darfur, Sudan, Military Target and Terrorism, 2007-2020
The ongoing aftermath of the civil war in the Sudan and South Sudan includes violence against water resources. Bombings destroy water wells or the wells are poisoned. Wells in Darfur are intentionally contaminated as part of a strategy of harassment against displaced populations.<br>
The ongoing aftermath of the civil war in the Sudan and South Sudan includes violence against water resources. Bombings destroy water wells or the wells are poisoned. Wells in Darfur are intentionally contaminated as part of a strategy of harassment against displaced populations.<br>
32
Water Wars<br>
33
Water Wars Pakistan, Terrorism, 2004-2020
In military actions aimed at Islamic terrorists including Al Qaeda and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, homes, schools, and water wells are damaged and destroyed.<br>
In military actions aimed at Islamic terrorists including Al Qaeda and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, homes, schools, and water wells are damaged and destroyed.<br>
34
Water Wars China, Development Dispute, 2004-2020
Tens of thousands of farmers stage a sit-ins against the Pubugou dam on the Dadu River in Sichuan Province.
Riot police are frequently deployed to quell the unrest.
Witnesses report the deaths of hundreds of residents between 2005-2019.<br>
Tens of thousands of farmers stage a sit-ins against the Pubugou dam on the Dadu River in Sichuan Province.
Riot police are frequently deployed to quell the unrest.
Witnesses report the deaths of hundreds of residents between 2005-2019.<br>
35
Water Wars China and United States, Military Target, 2004-2020
Pentagon regularly reports on China’s military capacity and raises the idea that Taiwan could “present credible threats to China’s urban population or high-value targets, such as the Three Gorges Dam.” China denounces all “U.S. suggestions” that Taiwan’s military would be so capable.<br>
Pentagon regularly reports on China’s military capacity and raises the idea that Taiwan could “present credible threats to China’s urban population or high-value targets, such as the Three Gorges Dam.” China denounces all “U.S. suggestions” that Taiwan’s military would be so capable.<br>
36
Water Wars South Africa, Development Dispute, 2004-2020
Poor delivery of water and sanitation services in Phumelela Township lead to several months of protests, including some severe injuries and property damage.
South Africa has the first set of major cities that declare water emergencies so severe that they almost hit ”Day 0,” when they would have no water.<br>
Poor delivery of water and sanitation services in Phumelela Township lead to several months of protests, including some severe injuries and property damage.
South Africa has the first set of major cities that declare water emergencies so severe that they almost hit ”Day 0,” when they would have no water.<br>
37
Water Wars India, Development Dispute, 2004-2020
People are killed and injured in ongoing protests by farmers over allocations of water in new water management policies.
Authorities impose curfews on the towns of Gharsana, Raola, and Anoopgarh.<br>
People are killed and injured in ongoing protests by farmers over allocations of water in new water management policies.
Authorities impose curfews on the towns of Gharsana, Raola, and Anoopgarh.<br>
38
Water Wars Ethiopia, Development Dispute, 2004 – 2020
Violent clashes over water wells and pastoral lands. Villagers call it the “War of the Well”
and describe “well warlords, well widows, and well warriors.” Drought has led to extensive violence over limited water resources, worsened by the lack of effective government and central planning.<br>
Violent clashes over water wells and pastoral lands. Villagers call it the “War of the Well”
and describe “well warlords, well widows, and well warriors.” Drought has led to extensive violence over limited water resources, worsened by the lack of effective government and central planning.<br>
39
Water Wars Kenya, Development Dispute, 2005-2020
Police are often sent to the northwestern part of Kenya to control major violent disputes between Kikuyu and Maasai groups over water.
The death toll exceeds 900, principally in the rural center of Turbi. The tensions arise over grazing and water. Maasai herdsmen accused local Kikuyu politicians of diverting a river to irrigate his favored farms, depriving downstream livestock. Fighting has displaced more than 2000 villagers and reflects tensions between nomadic and settled communities.<br>
Police are often sent to the northwestern part of Kenya to control major violent disputes between Kikuyu and Maasai groups over water.
The death toll exceeds 900, principally in the rural center of Turbi. The tensions arise over grazing and water. Maasai herdsmen accused local Kikuyu politicians of diverting a river to irrigate his favored farms, depriving downstream livestock. Fighting has displaced more than 2000 villagers and reflects tensions between nomadic and settled communities.<br>
40
Water Wars<br>
41
Water Wars Yemen, Development Dispute, 2006-2020
Local media report a struggle between Hajja and Amran tribes over a well located between the two governorates in Yemen.
According to news reports, armed clashes between the two sides force many families to leave their homes and migrate. News reports confirmed that authorities arrest participants in attempts to stop the fighting.<br>
Local media report a struggle between Hajja and Amran tribes over a well located between the two governorates in Yemen.
According to news reports, armed clashes between the two sides force many families to leave their homes and migrate. News reports confirmed that authorities arrest participants in attempts to stop the fighting.<br>
42
Water Wars Sri Lanka, Military Target and Terrorism, 2006-2020
Tamil Tiger rebels cut the water supply to government-held villages in northeastern Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan government forces
launch attacks on the reservoir, declaring the Tamil actions to be terrorism. Conflict around the water blockade may claim over 400 lives per year.<br>
Tamil Tiger rebels cut the water supply to government-held villages in northeastern Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan government forces
launch attacks on the reservoir, declaring the Tamil actions to be terrorism. Conflict around the water blockade may claim over 400 lives per year.<br>
43
Water Wars Canada, Terrorism, 2007
A Toronto man previously accused of attempted murder and illegal possession of explosives is charged with eight more counts of attempted murder after allegedly tampering with bottled water, which had been injected with an unspecified liquid.<br>
A Toronto man previously accused of attempted murder and illegal possession of explosives is charged with eight more counts of attempted murder after allegedly tampering with bottled water, which had been injected with an unspecified liquid.<br>
44
Water Wars Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Cote D’Ivoire
Development Dispute, 2007-2020
Declining rainfall leads to growing fights between animal herders and farmers with competing needs. People are forced to flee their homes due to fighting in Zounweogo Province.<br>
Development Dispute, 2007-2020
Declining rainfall leads to growing fights between animal herders and farmers with competing needs. People are forced to flee their homes due to fighting in Zounweogo Province.<br>
45
Water Wars China and Tibet, Military Target, Development Dispute, 2008-2020
China launches a political crackdown in Tibet. Observers have noted the importance of Tibet for the water resources of China, though the political complications between Tibet and China extend far beyond water. As noted: ‘Tibet is referred to in some circles as the ‘world’s water tower’; the Tibetan plateau is home to vast reserves of glaciated water, the sources of 10 of the largest rivers in Asia, including the Yellow, Yangtze, Mekong, Brahmaputra, Salween, Hindus and Sutlej among others. By some estimates, the Tibetan plateau is the source of fresh water for fully a quarter of the world’s population.’<br>
China launches a political crackdown in Tibet. Observers have noted the importance of Tibet for the water resources of China, though the political complications between Tibet and China extend far beyond water. As noted: ‘Tibet is referred to in some circles as the ‘world’s water tower’; the Tibetan plateau is home to vast reserves of glaciated water, the sources of 10 of the largest rivers in Asia, including the Yellow, Yangtze, Mekong, Brahmaputra, Salween, Hindus and Sutlej among others. By some estimates, the Tibetan plateau is the source of fresh water for fully a quarter of the world’s population.’<br>
46
Water Wars China and India, Development Dispute, 2009-2020
China claims a part of historical Tibet that is now under Indian control as part of the state of Arunachal Pradesh. To influence this
territorial dispute, China tries to block a $2.9 billion loan to India from the Asian Development Bank on the grounds that part of this loan was destined for water projects in the disputed area.<br>
China claims a part of historical Tibet that is now under Indian control as part of the state of Arunachal Pradesh. To influence this
territorial dispute, China tries to block a $2.9 billion loan to India from the Asian Development Bank on the grounds that part of this loan was destined for water projects in the disputed area.<br>
47
Water Wars North and South Korea, Military Tool, 2009-2020
Without previous warning, North Korea had released 40 million cubic meters of water from the Hwanggag Dam (allegedly several times), which cause tidal waves on the Imjin River. In South Korea, at least six fisherman and campers drown in a recent water release. South Korea fears that North Korea could use the water of the dam as a weapon during a violent conflict. North Korea claims that the water had to be urgently released, later apologized, and promised to provide advance warming in the future.<br>
Without previous warning, North Korea had released 40 million cubic meters of water from the Hwanggag Dam (allegedly several times), which cause tidal waves on the Imjin River. In South Korea, at least six fisherman and campers drown in a recent water release. South Korea fears that North Korea could use the water of the dam as a weapon during a violent conflict. North Korea claims that the water had to be urgently released, later apologized, and promised to provide advance warming in the future.<br>
48
Water Wars India, Development Disputes, 2009-2020
Citizens in Madhya Pradesh State in India are killed by small mobs for illegally drawing water from municipal pipes. Drought and inequality in water distribution lead to more than 50 violent clashes in the region on average each month, and media reports dozens of are people killed and even more injured in the past decade for fighting over buckets of water.<br>
Citizens in Madhya Pradesh State in India are killed by small mobs for illegally drawing water from municipal pipes. Drought and inequality in water distribution lead to more than 50 violent clashes in the region on average each month, and media reports dozens of are people killed and even more injured in the past decade for fighting over buckets of water.<br>
49
Water Wars Note: The series of water disputes -water wars- included here in Global Water Module 9 is a brief report of the most foundational, pivotal, and impactful water disputes worldwide from 2000-2020. It is different than the other nine Modules in the series: The purpose is to provide examples of the most consequential water wars so that you, the instructor of your respective courses, can browse, study, and select the cases you deem most appropriate for your class topics. There are over 35 water wars involving over 100 countries introduced here, from which you can select cases to research and teach according to your needs and interests.<br>
50
Global Water Modules
Module 9:
Examples of Water Wars National Resource Center
Center for International Education
Global Studies
International Studies<br>
Module 9:
Examples of Water Wars National Resource Center
Center for International Education
Global Studies
International Studies<br>