Introduction to Soils Kristen Manies (US

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Introduction to Soils Kristen Manies (US

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Introduction to Soils Kristen Manies (US Geological Survey) Lee Pruett (Notre Dame High School) Jennifer Harden (US Geological Survey) What is soil? Often defined one of several ways: Utilitarian Ecological Pedologic Utilitarian defined by

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Introduction to Soils Kristen Manies (US Geological Survey)
Lee Pruett (Notre Dame High School)
Jennifer Harden (US Geological Survey)

What is soil? Often defined one of several
ways:
Utilitarian
Ecological
Pedologic

Utilitarian defined by the properties important to agriculture, engineering, etc. (soil material)

Ecological medium capable of supporting plants both physically and through the transfer of water and nutrients (soil medium)

Pedologic Formation of soil by processes such as weathering, organic matter accumulation ,and leaching (soil as a system)

Processes that Form Soils and Influence Soil Properties The movement of water down through the soil profile (leaching)
Organic matter accumulation (sequesters carbon)
Mineral weathering
Mineral formation
Many Others

Services by the Soil System Food
Fiber
Filtration of gas & water
Water storage
Carbon Storage

Threats to Soils Include: Erosion
Contamination
Sealing
Compaction
Loss of biodiversity
Salinization
Floods and Landslides

Soils are dynamic,
they change over time

As soils age, they form distinct soil horizons and a soil profile topsoil subsoil parent material

Ultimately, soils are influenced by their environment

If you add time, then you get the soil forming factors: CLORPT Climate
Organisms
Relief
Parent material
Time

The Role of Climate The balance between moisture and temperature is particularly important to the development of soils. MOISTURE
how much
when TEMPERATURE
season length
range of highs/lows

Houston, TX

Houston soil

Gainsville, AL

Bama soil

(Casa Grande soil
From Arizona) (Orovada soil
from Nevada)

In summary Dark topsoil:
lots of plant
material Red subsoil:
weathering
and oxidation Complex subsoil:
Lots of time to differentiate horizons Soil profiles reflect the conditions under which they formed.

Extension slides

The Role of Parent Material (Arizona) Material from which soil forms:
bedrock
colluviam (sediments transported via gravity to the base of a slope)
alluvium (loose, eroded soil)
loess (windblown material) Parent material influences mineral composition and particle size of soil.

Smaller, finer particles (like clay)
hold water and nutrients,
including carbon Coarser particles
don’t hold water or nutrients,
but they promote oxidation Particle size (Arizona)

Linking topsoil to Parent material Light brown Darker brown

Linking subsoil to Parent material Oxidized, red and yellow Reduced, green and grey

Introduction to Soils Kristen Manies (US

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