Marketing Management MARKETING ENVIRONMENT Market

slide1. Marketing Management MARKETING ENVIRONMENT

Market and Environmental Analysis<br>
slide2. Introduction p. 03 The marketing environment consists of external factors and forces that directly and/or indirectly impact the organization to develop and maintain successful relationships with its target customers.
There are two perspectives (sometimes three) namely:
the macro-environment,
the micro-environment,
the internal environment.
The external environment, which includes all the external factors—competitive, economic, political, legal/regulatory, technological, and sociocultural—that can exert considerable direct and indirect pressures on both domestic and international marketing activities.<br>
slide3. consists of the forces close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers, e.g.,
the company,
suppliers,
marketing channel firms,
customer markets,
competitors and publics. p. 04 Introduction: Marketing Environment Micro- environment consists of the large societal forces that affect the micro-environment:
Demographic environment,
Economic environment,
Natural environment,
Technological environment,
Political environment, and
Cultural forces. Macro- environment<br>
slide4. The Organization Competitors Customers
Suppliers Distributors Supply chain Demography Economic factor Natural force Technological
change Cultural & Social Company’s Internal Environment p. 05 Marketing Environment Political issue

Fig: Marketing Environment including micro, macro and internal environment<br>
slide5. All factors that are internal to the organization are known as the 'internal environment'. They are generally audited by applying the 'Five Ms' which are Men, Money, Machinery, Materials and Markets.
The internal environment is as important for managing change as the external.

The internal environment can be audited using other approaches such as
SWOT Analysis,
Michael Porter's Five Forces Analysis or
PEST Analysis. p. 06 Internal environment Introduction: Marketing Environment<br>
slide6. Marketing Environment p. 07 With regard to the question of how the organization monitors the environment, there are two types of environments are:
Dynamic environment
Complex environment
In a dynamic environment, organization is typically faced with major change in the areas of technology and markets, with the result that decisions can no longer be based upon the assumption, rather than that of scientific basis.
The focus needs to be upon the future with a far greater degree of inspirational interpretation. Idea of alternative futures can then be used to identify the likely impact upon consumers, suppliers, competitors, government, the financial institutions, their probable responses.

For organizations faced with a complex environment, many of the issues and problems to which reference has been made are exacerbated.<br>
slide7. Marketing analysis is based upon the answers to six questions:
How complex is the environment? (Complexity is a measurement of the number of different environmental forces which have an impact, or potential impact)
How routine and standardized are orgn interactions with
elements of the environment?
How interconnected and how remote, initially, are the significant environmental variables?
How dynamic and how unpredictable are the changes
taking place around the organization?
How receptive is mgt to the ways in which environmental pressures adversely affect input and output processes?
How is flexibility of choice and to what extent is the orgn
constrained from moving into new areas? p. 08 Questions in Environment Based Marketing<br>
slide8. Micro Environment The micro-environment is made up of those elements that are closest to the company and that exert the greatest and most direct influence over its ability to deal with its markets.

The micro-environment includes:
the organization itself,
other company departments,
suppliers,
marketing intermediates,
customers,
competitors, and
various publics, which make up the company’s market.

Marketing management’s job is to attract and build relationships with customers by creating value and satisfaction. p. 09<br>
slide9. Micro Environment: The Company In designing marketing plans, marketing management takes other company groups into account – groups such as:
Top management,
Finance,
Research and development (R&D),
Purchasing,
Manufacturing, and
Accounting.
All those interrelated groups form the internal environment.

Top management,
Finance,
Research and development,
Purchasing,
Manufacturing, and
Accounting. p. 9<br>
slide10. Micro Environment: The Company p. 10 The responsibilities of all departments:

Top management sets the company’s mission, objectives, broad strategies and policies. Marketing plans must be approved by top management before be implemented.
Finance is concerned with finding and using funds to carry out the marketing plan.
Research and development (R&D) department focuses on designing safe and attractive products;
Purchasing worries about getting suppliers and materials,
Manufacturing is responsible for producing the desired
quality and quantity of products.
Account measures revenues and costs to help marketing.<br>
slide11. Micro Environment: Suppliers Suppliers provide the resources needed by the company to provide its goods and services, therefore, they are linked in the company’s overall customer value delivery system.

Suppliers sometimes are treated as partners to provide customer value

Marketing managers must watch supply availability, supply shortage or delays, labor strikes, and other events

Marketers must watch supply availability and pricing

Effective partnership relationship management with suppliers is essential p. 11<br>
slide12. Micro Environment: Marketing Intermediates Marketing intermediates help the company to:
promote,
sell, and its goods to final buyers. p. 12 distribute
They include:
resellers, physical distribution firms,
marketing services agencies, and
financial intermediates.
Resellers are distribution channel firms that help company find consumers or make sales to them. These include:
wholesalers, and
retailers.

Physical distribution firms help the company to stock and move goods from their profits of origin to their destinations.<br>
slide13. Micro Environment: Customers Consumer markets consist of individuals and households that buy goods and services for personal consumption;
Business markets buy goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process;
Reseller markets buy goods and services to resell at a profit; Reseller Market Consumer Market Business
Market Government Market International
Market Govt. markets are made up of govt agencies that buy goods & services to produce public services or transfer the goods and services to other; International markets consist of buyers in other countries, plus consumers, producers, resellers and governments. Fig. Different types of consumers p. 14<br>
slide14. Micro Environment: Competitors customer value and A company must provide greater satisfaction than competitors do. Marketers must:
do more than simply adapt to the needs of target consumers,
also must gain strategic advantage by positioning their offerings strongly against competitor’s offerings in the minds of consumers.
provide better customer satisfaction than competitors do.
consider its own size and industry position compared to those of its competitors.

No single marketing strategy is best for all companies. p. 14<br>
slide15. Micro Environment: Competitors Three types of competitors are:
Brand Competitors - Market similar products to same
customers at similar prices, e.g., pharmaceutical products
Category Competitors - Market different products that solve same problem or satisfy same basic customer need, e.g., stationary products, software service etc
Total Budget Competitors - Other competitors for the disposable income of the customer
Benefit Provided: Brand Competitors Category Competitors Generic Competitors Self Study p. 15<br>
slide16. Micro Environment: Publics the company’s ability to obtain investment stockholders funds.
houses,
are the Banks,
and
major financial publics. Media publics carry news, features, and editorial option. Newspapers, magazines, and radio-television stations are included in this group. A public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organization’s ability to achieve its objectives.
There are seven types of publics:

Financial publics influence Government public Media public Internal public Financial public General public Local public Citizen action public Fig: Different types of publics p. 16<br>
slide17. Micro Environment: Publics Government publics take government developments into account. Marketers often consult company’s lawyers on issues of product safety, advertising truth & other matters.
Citizen action public - company’s marketing decisions may be questioned by consumer organizations, environmental groups, minority groups and others.
Local publics, include neighborhood residents and community organizations. Large company usually appoints a community relations officer to deal with the community, attend meetings and contribute to worthwhile causes.
General public - company needs to be concerned about the general public’s attitude toward its products and activities.
Internal public, includes workers, managers, volunteers, and board of directors. When employees feel good about their company, this positive attitude spills over to external publics. p. 17<br>
slide18. Macro Environment The company and all of the other actors operate in a larger macro-environment of forces that shape opportunities and pose threats to the company.

Six major forces in the company’s macro-environment are:
1. Demographic environmental, 2. Economic forces, Natural issues,
Technological issue,
Political forces, and
Cultural forces. DE p. 19 EF NI TI PF CF Macro
Environment<br>
slide19. Demography is the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race, occupation and other statistics.

Demographic environment is of major interest to marketers because it involves people, and people make up markets.

The world population is growing at an explosive rate. It now totals more than 6 billion and will exceed 7.9 billion by the year 2025. A growing population means growing human needs to satisfy.
Exam: People in SSWD (single, separated, widowed, divorced) group need smaller apartments, & food packed in smaller size. p. 19 Macro Environment: Demography<br>
slide20. region (less comfortable) p. 20 People are frequently migrating from less
developed to comparatively much developed (comfortable) region. In Bangladesh, most poor people tend to shift in Dhaka city for a work. garments industry offers work for women and children. Men are engaged in different works, at least they pull rickshaw, pull non-powered cars etc. Migration: Two main factors involved are:
Migration, and
Diversity Exam: Reason: The Macro Environment: Demography<br>
slide21. Americans are a mobile people with about 12 million US households (more than one out of every ten) moving each year.
Such population are of interest to marketers because people in different regions buy differently. Please see two countries. Japan, where almost everyone is Japanese.
The united States, with people from virtually all
nations. USA has often been called a ‘melting pot’ in which diverse groups from any nations and cultures have melted into a single, more homogeneous whole, seems to become a Salad Bowl. Diversity: Macro Environment: Demography p. 21<br>
slide22. Exam: The US population is:
72 percent
13 percent
11 percent
3 percent
1 percent White,
African Americans Hispanic
Asian
native (Eskimos and Aleuts) The US-Asian population also has grown rapidly in recent years and now totals about 3 percent of the population.
During the next half century, the proportions of both Hispanic and Asians will more than double.
Such population shifts interest marketers because people in different regions buy differently. Also Americans have been moving from rural to metropolitan areas continuously. Macro Environment: Demography p. 22<br>
slide23. Macro Environment: Demography Therefore, more people are:
Divorcing or separating
Choosing not to marry
Choosing to marry later
Marrying without intending to have children
Increased number of working women
Stay-at-home dads

Bangladesh Issue:
Living in: Rural 72%, Urban 21%, Semi-urban 7%
People: about 57% of population is below 25 years of age
Birth rate: High population growth rate- 1.57%
Religion: mostly Muslim, with about 10% from other religions
Literacy: 47.9%, 15+ year old literacy rate increased 12% in 10 yrs.
Family: Trend of nuclear families in urban areas.
Population density: highest population density in the world • Facilities: most public facilities are in urban area, i.e., internet. p. 23<br>
slide24. Macro Environment: Demography People make up the market, the basis for any market: Pre- and early adolescents, age upto 12
View TV ads as “just advertising” Baby & Tweens Teens Spend approximately 72 hours per week tuned in electronically
View shopping as a social sport
Adapting online shopping Born between 1979 and later
Surpassed population of baby boomers in 2010
Two Stages: 1) Just passed teenage,
2) On careers and started families.
Gen Y found to be: inquisitive, quick shoppers, opinionated,
diverse, multi-taskers, good time managers, environmentally aware. Generation
Y Born between 1965 and 1978
Independent, tough, adaptable, cautious, and skeptical
Max buying capability, home owner, ought to goal
Avid buyers of the latest technology and recreation Generation
X p. 25<br>
slide25. Macro Environment: Economic p. 25 Economic environment consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns.
Marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy in the short and long-terms.

Some countries have subsistence economics – they
consume most of their agricultural and industrial output
e.g. India. These countries offer few market opportunities.
Marketers must pay close attention to major trends and consumer spending patterns both across & their markets.
Industrial economies are richer markets<br>
slide26. Value marketing, ways to offer involves financially careful buyers greater value
- right combination of quality and service at a fair price Macro Environment: Economic p. 26 The marketers should have to look at:
Interest rates,
The level of inflation employment level per capita,
Long-term prospects for the economy GDP per capita.

Also on:
Changes in income<br>
slide27. Macro Environment: Economic p. 27 Economic situation changes in consumer spending patterns

Ernst Engel: ‘Engel’s law’
As income rises:
The percentage spent on food declines
The percentage spent on housing remains constant
The percentage spent on savings increases

Bangladesh Issue:
GDP 6.7%
Inflation ~10%
Exchange Rate BDT 82 per USD
Steady economic performance despite global slowdown.<br>
slide28. Macro Environment: Natural p. 28 Natural environment involves the natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities.

Marketing trends:
Shortages of raw materials
Increased pollution
Increase government intervention
Environmentally sustainable strategies

Marketing Issues:
1. First issue involves growing shortage of raw materials. Air and water seem to be infinite resources, but some non- renewable resources, such as oil, coal etc. are limited.<br>
slide29. Macro Environment: Natural p. 29 2. The second issue is increasing pollution. Industry will almost always damage the quality
environment. Consider the disposal of the natural
of chemical and nuclear wastes, the dangerous mercury level in the ocean, etc.
A third issue is increased governmental intervention in natural resource management. The governments of different countries vary in their concern and efforts to promote a clean environment. Example: In Germany, government vigorously pursue environmental quality. Otherwise, many poor nations, like Bangladesh, do little about pollution.

Environmentally sustainable strategies<br>
slide30. and ready-made Arong, a famous show-piece
garment selling division;
Kumudini, as like as Arong - eliminated polystyrene and polyethylene p. 30 carton and shopping bags
smaller, recyclable paper and now uses
wrappings and napkins.
Bata, a worldwide shoe manufacturing company uses such type of cartons in place of polyethylene bags.
McDonald’s eliminated polystyrene cartons and now uses smaller, recyclable, biodegradable paper wrapping and napkins Example: Macro Environment: Natural<br>
slide31. Macro Environment: Technology Technological environment is perhaps the most dramatic forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities.
Examples:
New antibiotics (saving lives),
Organ transplants (Enhancing lives),
Notebook computers (making easy life),
Cell phone & Internet (easy communication).
Marketing stimulating innovation are: Build scenarios  Cater to entrepreneurs p. 31<br>
slide32. Macro Environment: Technology did not know about automobiles, air phones, radios, or the electric light.
did not know about television, aerosol cans, automatic dishwashers, room air- pills, or earth satellites.
did not know about personal computers, CD
players, VCRs, or the World Wide Web.
every new technology replaces an older technology; old industries are fighting to survive, adapting new technologies… . p. 32 The technological environment changes rapidly. Example: Abraham Lincoln Woodrow Wilson conditioners, antibiotics or computers.
Franklin D. Roosevelt did not know about Xerography, synthetic
detergents, tape recorders, birth control John F. Kennedy Barak Obama ??<br>
slide33. Macro Environment: Political Marketing decisions are strongly affected by developments in the political environments, that consists of laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit various organizations and individuals in a given society.

The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses, and the spending power of consumers and other businesses. Therefore, considering issues:

Stability in the political environment;
Government policy and laws on rules & regulations, tax;
Government's position on marketing ethics;
Government's policy on the total economy;
Government’s view on culture and religion;
Trading agreements between governments such as EU, SAFTA, NAFTA, ASEAN, or others? p. 33<br>
slide34. Macro Environment: Political Political and legal environment of marketing: Laws and regulations on technology New technology
Society
Businesses
Consumers Legislation affects marketing varies state by state Oregon: limits utility advertising to 0.5 percent of net income. California: bans fats in restaurants and bakeries. State or regional laws Regulatory agencies Consumer product safety commission
Federal trade commission  Food & Drug administration p. 34<br>
slide35. Macro Environment: Culture The cultural environment is made up of institutions and other forces that affect a society’s basic values, perceptions, preferences and behaviors.

The major cultural values of a society are expressed:
people’s view of themselves and others,
views of organizations,
society,
nature, and
the universe.
Some people seek personal pleasure, wanting fun, change,
and escape.
Other seek self-realization through religion, recreation, or the avoid pursuit of careers of other life goals.
Example: International Lux soap has four colorful and natural contaminations p. 35<br>
slide36. Evaluation of Environmental Analysis SWOT analysis:
SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues.
SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors.
Once key issues have been identified, they feed into marketing objectives.
It can be used in conjunction with other tools for audit and analysis, such as PEST analysis and Porter's Five-Forces analysis.
It is a very popular tool with marketing students because it
is quick and easy to learn. p. 37<br>
slide37. SWOT analysis:

A strength could be:
Your specialist marketing expertise,
A new, innovative product or service,
Location of business,
Quality processes and procedures,
Any other aspect of business that adds value to
product or service.

A weakness could be:
Lack of marketing expertise, services (i.e. in Undifferentiated products or relation to competitors),
Location of business,
Poor quality goods or services,
Damaged reputation. Environmental Analysis: SWOT p. 38<br>
slide38. A threat could be:
A new competitor in home market,
Price wars with competitors,
Competitor has a new, innovative product or service,
Competitors have superior access to channels of distribution,
Taxation is introduced on product or service. Opportunities and threats are external factors. offer Moving into new market segments that improved profits,
A new international market,
A market vacated by an ineffective competitor. SWOT analysis:
An opportunity could be:
A developing market such as the internet,
Mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances, p. 39 Environmental Analysis: SWOT<br>
slide39. The internal environment e.g. staff (or internal customers), office technology, wages and finance, etc.
The micro-environment e.g. our external customers,
agents and distributors, suppliers, our competitors, etc.
The macro-environment e.g. Political (and legal) forces, Economic forces, Socio-cultural forces, and Technological forces. These are known as PEST factors. PEST analysis:
Org's marketing environment is made up from: Political Economic Socio-cultural Technological The economic factor holds the followings-
Interest rates, The level of inflation employment level per capita,
Long-term prospects for the economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and so on. Recapping slide 27 p. 39 Environmental Analysis: PEST<br>
slide40. Environmental Analysis: PEST p. 40 Political Environment:
The political environment answers the following questions-

How stable is the political environment?
Will government policy influence laws that regulate
or tax on business?
What is the government's position on marketing ethics?
What is the government's policy on the economy?
Does the government have a view on culture and religion?
Is the government involved in trading agreements such as EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, or others?<br>
slide41. Socio-Cultural Environment:
Social and cultural env. influences on business vary from
country to country. Factors include:

What is the dominant religion?
What are attitudes to foreign products and services?
Does language impact upon the diffusion of products
onto markets?
How much time do consumers have for leisure?
What are the roles of men and women within society?
How long are the population living?
Are the older generations wealthy?
Does the population have a strong/weak opinion on green issues? p. 41 Environmental Analysis: PEST<br>
slide42. p. 43 Environmental Analysis: PEST communicate with consumers e.g. banners, customer
relationship management (CRM), etc.? Technological Environment:
Technology is vital for competitive advantage, and is a major driver of globalization. Consider the following points:
Does technology allow for products and services to be made more cheaply and to a better standard of quality?
Do technologies offer consumers and businesses more innovative products and services such as internet banking, new generation mobile telephones, etc.?
How is distribution changed by new technologies e.g. books via the Internet, flight tickets, auctions, etc?
Does technology offer companies a new way to<br>
slide43. Evaluation of Environmental Analysis Michael Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Five forces analysis, is similar to other tools for environmental audit, such as PEST analysis, but tends to focus on the single, stand alone, business or SBU (Strategic Business Unit) rather than a single product or range of products. Five forces looks at five key areas namely the
Threat of entry,
The power of buyers,
The power of suppliers,
The threat of substitutes,
Competitive rivalry. Threat of entry p. 43 Threat of substitutes Power of buyers Power of suppliers Competitive
rivalry<br>
slide44. Environmental Analysis: Five Forces p. 44 The threat of entry.
Benefits associated with bulk purchasing in economies scale.
High or low cost of entry e.g. how much will it cost for latest technology?
Ease of access to distribution channels e.g. do competitors have the distribution channels hemmed up?
Cost advantages e.g. personal contacts or knowledge that larger companies
do - will competitors retaliate?
Government action e.g. will new laws are introduced that will weaken our competitive position? How important is differentiation e.g. champagne brands.
The power of buyers
There is a few, large players in a market e.g. large grocery chains.
There are a large number of undifferentiated, small suppliers e.g. small farming businesses supplying the large grocery chains.
The cost of switching between suppliers is low e.g. from one
fleet supplier of trucks to another.<br>
slide45. Environmental Analysis: Five Forces p. 45 The power of suppliers
Power of suppliers tends to be a reversal of power of buyers.
Where the switching costs are high e.g. switching from one software supplier to another.
Power is high where brand is powerful e.g. Microsoft, Pizza Hut.
Possibility of supplier integrating forward.
Customers are fragmented (not in clusters) so that they
have little bargaining power e.g. Gas/Petrol stations in remote places.
Threat of substitutes
Where there is product-for-product substitution e.g. email for fax, where there is substitution, better toothpaste reduces the need for dentists.
Where there is generic substitution, e.g., CD, DVD and flash drive.
Could always do without e.g. cigarettes.
Competitive Rivalry
This is to be high where entry is likely, there is a threat of substitute
products, suppliers & buyers in the market attempt to control.<br>
slide46. Evaluation of Environmental Analysis Diffenbach has identified three distinct stages in the evolution of corporate environmental analysis:
Appreciation stage, starts from emergence of books and articles that argue the looking beyond the short term and for considering wider implications of economic, social and political, technological factors that make up business envt.
Analysis stage, involves finding reliable sources of data, compiling and examining data, develop and discuss trends, developments and key relationships.
Application stage, very real attempts are made to monitor the environment, assess the implications for change and incorporate staff evaluations into strategy and plans. p. 46<br>
slide47. Three approaches to scanning (with these being characterized by an
increasing degree of structure, systemization, sophistication and resource intensity): Continuous models, represent a further development and
involve focusing upon business envt generally and upon the Periodic models, represent a general development of the irregular system and are more systematic, resource intensive and sophisticated. The environment is reviewed regularly and a longer-term perspective is developed. Irregular systems, predominate with a poorly developed planning culture and focusing upon responding to environmentally generated crises. The net effect is that is
simply placed finding solutions to short-term problems, with little attention paid to identifying and assessing the impact. long term as opposed to short-term and specific issues. p. 47 Evaluation of Environmental Analysis<br>
slide48. ➡ Poorly structured
➡ Opinion based
➡ Ambiguous in its definitions ➡ Based on an insecure methodology p. 48 ➡ Qualitative in nature
➡ Poorly quantified
➡ Likely to change. ➡ Available only on an irregular basis
➡ Often provided by unofficial sources Evaluation of Environmental Analysis Continuous env. analysis is based on 3 basic premises:
The determinants of success are dictated by the business environment;
The firm’s response to environmental change therefore
represents a fundamental strategic choice;
A knowledge of the business environment must precede the acquisition of any degree of control over it.

The barriers associated with continuous env analysis are:<br>