Peace and conflict studies and reconciliation Reconciliation in the post-conflict environment in the Western Balkans as a precondition for the efficient implementation of the EU enlargement policy Dr. Ružica Jakešević Course overview
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Peace and conflict studies and reconciliation Reconciliation in the post-conflict environment in the Western Balkans as a precondition for the efficient implementation of the EU enlargement policy
Dr. Ružica Jakešević<br>
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Course overview presence of external actors in the WB – security, political, economic goals within the wider peace-building process
Zagreb summit 2000
Thessaloniki summit 2003
Copenhagen + criteria
Reconciliation as the element of the EU regional approach towards WB<br>
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Lecture overview Theoretical approach to the concept of reconciliation
Peace and conflict studies and reconciliation
Peace studies and concepts of:
Peace (positive, negative)
Conflict
Violence
Reconciliation<br>
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Peace Studies Interdisciplinary field of research developed following the World War II
Why do violent conflicts occur and what it takes to build sustainable peace?
Problem-solving orientation: conflict prevention, conflict resolution, peace-building, reconciliation in post-conflict societies
Founding father of the discipline – Johan Galtung: “peace studies aims to understand violence and its negation by conflict transformation (‘negative peace’) and peace-building by cooperation and harmony (‘positive peace’)… (Galtung and Fischer, 2013: 139)<br>
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Peace Studies Emancipation of an individual as a referent object of security – connection with human security concept
Influence of peace studies on the concepts of peace and security
Human security / physical violence/ structural violence – positive and negative peace
„Human security is closely related to notions of peace which go beyond the narrow definition of the absence of war or physical violence” (Beswick and Jackson, 2015: 12)<br>
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Development of peace studies Negative (2 world wars; other wars) and positive (international organizations, cooperation) experiences of the 20th century – impetus for peace-conflict dynamic research
Research centers in North America and (Northern) Europe
PRIO, COPRI, SIPRI
Approximately 400 universities offering peace studdies program in 2020 (Kroc Institute, 2020)
Dealing with East-West, but also North-South issues<br>
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Definition of conflict Term used in different social sciences
Conflict as:
“the pursuit of incompatible goals by different groups” (Ramsbotham et al, 2011: 30)
“social situation in which a minimum of two actors (parties) strive to acquire at the same moment in time an available set of scarce resources” (Wallensteen, 2007: 15)
„Peace therefore exists where people are interacting non-violently and are managing their conflict positively” (Irenees, 2007)<br>
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Definition of peace Peace has no universal meaning, and it means different things to different people
„peace” is defined not just as the absence of war (negative peace), but also the presence of the conditions for a just and sustainable peace…(positive peace) (Kroc Institute, 2020)<br>
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United Nations, peace and security Principle of collective security – achieving peaceful interstate relations (absence of interstate war – negative peace)
Brodaer concpets of peace towards the end of the Cold War
Agenda for Peace (1992.)
Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace (1999.)
Francis (2014): 6 explanations for condition of peace<br>
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Positive and negative peace Understanding of peace depends on how we understand violence
Narrow and broad definitons of violence
Violence – „the cause of difference between the potential and the actual, between what could have been and what is” (Galtung, 1969: 168)
Influencer (Subject) – Mode of Influencing (action) – Influencee (Object)
Personal vs. Structural violence
„…peace also has two sides: absence of personal violence, and absence of structural violence. We shall refer to them as negative peace and positive peace respectively.” (Galtung, 1969: 183)<br>
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Peace studies and reconciliation To reconcile = to restore friendly relations
Multilayered task understood differently by different actors
reconciliation = “a situation in which two people or groups of people become friendly again after they have argued” or as “the process of making two opposite beliefs, ideas, or situations agree” (Cambridge Dictionary, 2021)
Broad activities: rebuilding infrastructure, promoting social investment, needs of refugees and internally displaced populations, overcoming ethnic divisions, making reparations to victims, reintegrating former combatants into (sometimes hostile) communities…” (Rettberg and Ugarriza, 2016: 517).<br>
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Reading materials An Agenda for Peace. 1992. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/A_47_277.pdf (08. 01. 2021.)
Ariye, Ekpotuatin Charles. 2014. The United Nations and its Peace Purpose: An Assessment. Journal of Conflictology 5(1); 24-32. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5590353.pdf (07. 01. 2021.)
Beswick, Danielle and Paul Jackson. 2015. Conflict, security and development – an introduction. Routledge, London and New York.
Cambridge Dictionary. 2021. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/reconciliation (12. 01. 2021.)
Galtung, Johan. 1969. Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research 6(3): 167-191. https://www.jstor.org/stable/422690 (09. 01. 2021.)
Galtung, Johan, Fischer, Dietrich. 2013. Johan Galtung – Pioneer of peace research, Springer
General Assembly. 1999. Declaration and programme of action on a culture of peace. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/285677?ln=en (07. 01. 2021.)
Irenees. 2007. Negative versus Positive Peace. http://www.irenees.net/bdf_fiche-notions-186_en.html (09. 01. 2021.)
Jakešević, R. 2019. Security Community Building in the Western Balkans – Wishful Thinking or an Inevitable Future? Teorija in praksa 56 (1): 30-52.
Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T. and H. Miall. 2011. Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Third edition. Polity, Cambridge.
Rettberg, Angelika and Ugarriza, Juan E. 2016. Reconciliation: A comprehensive framework for empirical analysis. Security Dialogue 47(6): 517-540. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26293811 (10. 01. 2021.)
Rogers, Paul. 2010. Peace studies. In: Collins, Alan, Contemporary Security Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp. 35-52.
UN News, 2014: https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/09/476992-peace-means-dignity-well-being-all-not-just-absence-war-un-officials#:~:text=UN%20Podcasts-,Peace%20means%20dignity%2C%20well%2Dbeing%20for%20all%2C%20not%20just,absence%20of%20war%20%E2%80%93%20UN%20officials&text=In%20September%201999%2C%20the%20Assembly,on%20a%20Culture%20of%20Peace. (07. 01. 2021.)
Wallensteen, Peter. 2007. Understanding conflict resolution. Sage, London.
Websites of: PRIO, COPRI (DIIK), SIPRI
Website of: Kroc Institute, University of Notre Dame
Websites of: Journal of conflict resolution; Peace and conflict studies journal; Journal of peace research<br>
