Bellwork  Sit with the same group as yesterday - PowerPoint Presentation

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Bellwork 

Sit with the same group as yesterday

Get out your handout from yesterday

Have one person from your group go grab the same packet you had LAST yesterday (they are in the back)

Willkommen!Get out your notes from yesterdayRead your AP "To Do" list – you've got a quiz tomorrow and another one Monday :) Complete the following task on your notes paper:Make a list of all of the languages you've heard of

Unit 3 - Culture

Language 

Today's Objectives Language families, languages, dialects, world religions, ethnic cultures, and gender roles diffuse from cultural hearths. 

LanguageKey to the world of culture Systematic means of communicating ideas and feelings through the use of signs, gestures, or vocal soundsAllows for communication, but it also ensures the continuity of culture – cultural transmission – the process by which one generation passes culture to the next 

Without language, it would be difficult to pass culture down to future generations 

Linguists Research  Linguists estimate that between 5,000-6,000 languages are in use in the world today, some much more widely used than othersOnly a few languages are spoken by at least 100 million people: Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Mandarin, English, Hindi, Bengali, Arabic, Japanese, Punjabi, and Javanese Linguistic fragmentation – when many languages are spoken by a relatively small number of people

Most commonly spoken languages have diffused from their origins in many ways, including through trade, conquests, and/or migrationEx: British Colonies speak English (South Africa and Australia); French Colonies speak French (Canada and Morocco) 

Most Commonly Spoken Languages

Mandarin Chinese – 12.3%

Spanish – 6%

English – 5.1%

Arabic – 5.1%

Hindi – 3.5%

Bengali – 3.3%

Portuguese – 3%

Russian – 2.1%

Japanese – 1.7%

Let's play a Game!Match the greeting to the correct language

Linguistic Geography

The study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, and grammatical constructions 

Short Survey:

1. How do you pronounce the word "Crayon"?

2. How frequently do you use the phrase "ya'll"

3.  Do you believe you have a "country" accent?

4. How do you pronounce the word "tomato"?

5. How often do you ask someone "How are you?" in a day? 

Language Families 

Languages are usually grouped into families with a shared, but fairly distant origin

Most commonly cited is the Indo-European family – languages in this family are spoken by about half of the world's population, with English as the most widely used 

Other Indo-European languages include Spanish, English, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Marathi, French, Italian, Punjabi, and Urdu – over 1.7 billion native speakers

Sub-family – Romantic Languages – Latin, French, Spanish, Italian

Other language families – Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Dravidian, American Indian

Languages

Culturally defined, with

standard languages

those that are recognized by the government and the intellectual elite as the norm for use in schools, government, media, and other aspects of public life 

A country's standard language is usually based on the dialects of that countries' capital

Ex: French is based on the dialects spoken in Paris in the late 12th century

Sometimes countries that have more than one standard language

(ex: China has Mandarin and Wu Chinese)

have an

official language 

- language endorsed and recognized by the government 

Dialects Regional variants of a standard languageLanguages that have diffused widely from their origins often have hundreds of dialectsEx: English dialects = British, American, Australian English, and IndianIn England alone – Southern British English, Northern British English, and Scottish English

Bilingualism/Multilingualism

Bilingualism – the ability to communicate in two languages

Multilingualism – the ability to communicate in more than two languages

Lingua franca An established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large areaNamed after a medieval dialect of France spoken by Crusaders from various European countries as they pursued their quest to recapture the Holy Lands from the Turks

After the crusades, the language was still useful in the regions around the eastern Mediterranean Sea to facilitate trade and travelThe Lingua Franca was eventually Latin, which was the standard language of the entire Roman Empire – stretched from Britain to far east Mediterranean – after the fall of the empire, people began to use their own dialects, and Latin became a "dead" languageLatin still had impact – the "Romance Languages" 

Toponymy The study of place namesPlace names become part of the cultural landscape that remains long after the name givers have disappeared from the sceneSome toponyms are chosen to honor people – ex: "Maryland" for Queen Mary, "Georgia" for King GeorgeSome are just descriptive: ex: "The Rocky Mountains", "Salt Lake City"

Some denote incidents or events that occurred: ex: "Battle Creek" MichiganSome commemorate religious figures: ex: "St. Louis"Many place names have two or more parts – many contain the word "town", "ton", "burgh"/"boro", or "ville

" and names of significant people "Pittsburgh, Knoxville", "Princeton"

Language Extinction Languages that were once in use but are no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the worldProcess of language extinction has been going on throughout history Ex: Gothic

Some organizations are trying to preserve extinct languages – EU's Bureau of Lesser Used Languages

Exit TicketOn your sticky note, answer the following questions:Why is language so important to Culture? Name 2 things you've learned about Language that you didn't know before