Childhood Diseases and Disorders - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Childhood Diseases and Disorders

Pathophysiology

Slide2

Infectious

Diseases

Viruses

Bacterial

Fungal

Parasitic

Slide3

Viral Diseases

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Measles,

M

umps

, and

Rubella

(MMR)

Measles (

Rubeola

)

Highly contagious (incubation period is 7-14 days)

Symptoms include fever, inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes, rash, and spots in mouth called

Koplik’s

spots

Treatment is fluids, fever reducer, and rest

May cause encephalitis or meningitis or ear infections and conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Mumps

Affects parotid glands (one of the three salivary glands)

Spread by saliva with incubation period 16-18 but may be as long as 25 days

Blood test determines presence and symptoms are chills, swelling of glands, fever

Treatment is to treat symptoms

May cause

orchitis

(inflammation of testis) or nerve conduction deafness

Rubella (German Measles or three day measles)

Incubation period of 14-21 days

Symptoms like

rubeola

but lighter in color; also joint pain and lymph node involvement

Diagnosis through a blood test

May cause fetal problems or birth defects is pregnant women are exposed (80% chance in first 3

mos

)

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MMR

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Varicella (

Chicken

Pox

)/

Poliomyelitis

Varicella

Incubation of 10-21 days; caused by varicella-zoster

May have shingles as an adult

Symptoms

include classic dew drop rose petal macular rash (vesicles

)

Poliomyelitis

Incubation of

3-6 days for milder form, 7-21 for severe form

Spread through oral fecal routes

Headache, sore throat and then paralysis

Stool sample or throat cultures confirms diagnosis

Treatment is only supportive; physical therapy or respiratory ventilation may be needed

Slide7

Chicken Pox Polio

Slide8

Influenza/ Common Cold

Influenza

Symptoms are fever, headache, joint pain, runny nose,

etc

No treatment except rest, hydration, nasal sprays

Common Cold (rhinovirus)

Symptoms are rhinitis

No treatment except rest, hydration, nasal sprays

Slide9

Mononucleosis

Caused by Epstein-Barr virus

Spread through saliva

Symptoms happen 4-7 days after exposure

Diagnosis through blood test showing rise in WBC

Takes 3-4 weeks to recover and sports should be avoided for one month after to protect the spleen

Slide10

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Caused by HIV virus

In 1980’s most children with the disease got it from infected blood because they were hemophiliacs and received transfusions. Today most get it from perinatal transmission

Some sexually active teens have the disease

2.1 million live with HIV

Time between HIV infection and AIDS is shorter in children and infants

Slide11

Bacterial Diseases

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Diphtheria / Pertussis

Diphtheria

Once had a fatality rate of 20% in 1920’s

Caused by

Corynebacterium

diphtheriae

Produces a membranous coating of pharynx, nose, and sometimes tracheobronchial tree called exudate with proteins and WBC that seep from tissue

Diagnosis is gray membrane covering throat and positive culture

Treatment is antibiotic and diphtheria antitoxin

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Caused by

Bordetella

pertussis

Incubation is 6-10 days but can be as long as 21 days

Symptoms are

Catarrhal- increase in inflammation of mucous membranes

Paroxysmal-spasm or convulsion with violent coughing, cyanosis, vomiting

Convalescent stage-gradually reduced coughing

Treatment is with antibiotics and supportive therapy but pneumonia can be a problem

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Tuberculosis (TB)

Affects respiratory system

Currently on the rise

Caused by

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Also found in GI system and the bones, brain, and lymph nodes

Incubation period is 4-12 weeks

Symptoms include bloody sputum, fever, cough, lymph node enlargement

Disease in children often stays dormant

Diagnosis is by positive skin test, sputum culture and chest x-rays

Treatment is rest, drug therapy

There is a TB vaccine,

bacille

Calmette-Guesnn

(BCG) for places with infection greater than 1% per year

Slide14

Tularemia (Rabbit fever or deer fly fever)

Caused by

Francisella

tularensis

Symptoms include headaches, lymph node swelling, chills, vomiting

Diagnosis is with blood test or chest x-ray to rule our pneumonia

Treatment is with antibiotics

Prevention is protection from ticks

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Impetigo / Acute Tonsillitis / Otitis Media

Impetigo

Caused by

pyoderma

commonly found on face and hands of children

Caused by

S

taphylococcus

aureus

Acute Tonsillitis

Infection of palatine tonsils caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci

Symptoms are sore throat, cough, fever, trouble swallowing

Diagnosis with throat culture

Treatment is tonsillectomy

Otitis Media

Bacterial infection of middle ear

If persistent,

m

yringotomy

with

tympanopathy

tubes might be treatment

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Fungal Diseases

Slide17

Candidiasis/ T

inea

Candidiasis

Also known as thrush, oral fungal infection

Caused by

Candida

albicans

White plaques on mucous membranes and tongue

Treatment of choice is usually swabbing mouth with oral

nystatin

Tinea

Also known as ringworm

Usually affect scalp and between toes

Males also get it in the groin area

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Parasitic Diseases

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Giardiasis / Pediculosis

Giardiasis

Infection with protozoa called giardia

Caused by the

Giardia

lamblia

and affects the digestive system

Symptoms include watery diarrhea , nausea, flatulence

Stool will float and be shiny

May take many samples to identify parasite

Treatment is

furazolidone

or similar drugs; clear fluids to prevent dehydration

Pediculosis

Lice acceptance

Adult females produce 6 eggs/ 24 hours

Nits (eggs) can be seen in hair

Treated with

permethrin

1% crème rinse

Slide20

Pinworms/ Roundworms

Pinworms (

seatworms

or threadworms) are nematodes that infect intestines and rectum

No harmful, just itchy

Caused by

Enterobius

vermicularis

Eggs can survive for 2-3 weeks; females lay 10,000-20,000 eggs at anus

Symptoms are anal itching and look like white threads

Diagnosis is by microscopic exam of stool

Treatment is OTC or prescription drug therapy; may need to repeat in 2 weeks

Roundworms

Ascaris

lumbricoides

found in soil

Symptoms are abdominal pain, excessive gas, weight loss, vomiting

Diagnosis is through stool sample

Treatment is same as for pinworms

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Respiratory

D

iseases

SIDS

Croup

Adenopid

Hyperplasia

Asthma

Pneumonia

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Respiratory Illness

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) / Croup

SIDS

Unexplainable death of an infant under age one; also known as crib death

Cause unknown but suggested that infants be put in supine rather than prone position

Only diagnosis is autopsy

Croup

Also known as

laryngotracheobronchitis

(URI)

Caused by

parainfluenza

1 and 2 viruses in children from 3

mos

- 3

yrs

old

Symptoms are inspiratory stridor, difficulty breathing at night

Diagnosis is physical exam

Treatment is usually high humidity, fluids, rest, racemic epinephrine

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qbn1Zw5CTbA

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Adenoid Hyperplasia/ Asthma

Adenoid Hyperplasia

Enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsils

Symptoms are blockage of Eustachian tubes causing otitis media; difficulty breathing

Diagnosis is exam/ throat culture

Treatment is antibiotic therapy or adenoidectomy

Asthma

More than 5 million children under age 18 diagnosed (I out of every 4)

#1 reason for school absences

Cause unknown

Symptoms are respiratory distress

Diagnosis is by chest x-rays, allergy test, pulmonary function tests, physical exam

Treatment is with medications like a bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory drugs

Monitored with peak flow meter

Prevention is knowing triggers

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=VA9C_aCH7F0

Slide25

Pneumonia

Infection of the lung parenchyma

Can be viral or bacterial; alveolar air spaces become filled with fluid

Symptoms are wheezing, coughing, fever, malaise

Diagnosis is by chest x-ray and auscultation of the chest

Treatment varies (antibiotics if bacterial)

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Digestive Diseases / Cardiovascular Diseases

Digestive

Colic- in babies

Fluid Imbalances

Food Allergies

Eating Disorders

Cardiovascular

Most are related to genetic or developmental disorders

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Fluid Imbalances / Food Allergies/ Eating Disorders

Fluid Imbalance

Children have higher exchange of fluids so diarrhea or vomiting can be serious

Dehydration serious

Treatment includes rehydration and electrolyte replacement

Food Allergies

Overreaction of immune system to a particular food

Reaction may take seconds or even hours

More common in children especially under age 1

After age three, if one develops it stays for adult life

Testing can be done

http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-wellness/articles/2014/04/17/how-to-cope-with-food-allergies

Eating Disorders

Problem during adolescence

Anorexia and bulimia most common

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Musculoskeletal Diseases / Blood Diseases

Musculoskeletal

Legg-Calve-

Perthes

(LCP)

Ewing’s Sarcoma

Blood Diseases

Leukemia

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Musculoskeletal diseases

Legg-Calve-

Perthes

(LCP)

Avascular necrosis of the upper end of the femur

Blood flow is reduced to the head of the femur

Most common in boys age 4-8

Only symptom is pain when walking

Cause unknown

Diagnosis with x-ray

Treatment is maintain position of femur, rest, ROM exercises, traction, etc.

Ewing’s Sarcoma

More common in males; found in long bones like femur

Cause unknown

Diagnosis with x-ray, CT scan, MRI

Treatment is chemotherapy or amputation

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Neurologic

Diseases

/

Eye

and

Ear

Diseases

Neurologic

Reye’s Syndrome

Eye and Ear

Strabismus

Deafness

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Neurologic Diseases

Reyes Syndrome

Acute encephalopathy seen in children under age 15

Cause unknown but relationship with use of aspirin

Symptoms are nausea and vomiting, liver enlargement, seizures

Diagnosis should be suspected in a child who had a recent viral illness; blood testing of liver enzymes and lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

Treatment is in ICU

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Eye and Ear Diseases

Strabismus

Lazy eye or crossed

Should not be present after age 4

mos

Deafness

Ranges from mild to complete

Cause unknown but may be from trauma, infections, or exposure to ototoxic drugs

Audiometric testing is needed for accurate diagnosis

Treatment depends on extent of deafness

Cochlear implants are now inserted surgically to stimulate 8

th

cranial nerve

Slide33

Blood Diseases

Leukemia

Malignancy of the blood-forming cells located in bone marrow

Most common cancer in children

Cause is unknown

Most common type in children is ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)

Symptoms are pale skin, easy bleeding, bruising, abdominal pain, fever

Diagnosed with blood tests and bone marrow biopsy

Treatment is chemotherapy or radiation in some cases

Slide34

Trauma

Child Abuse

Suicide

Drug Abuse

Poisoning

Slide35

Child Abuse

More common than any other pediatric illness

Neglect vs. abuse

Neglect is failing to provide basic needs

Abuse is causing harm

Diagnosed with physical exam and interview of child and care providers

Cigarette and hands most common items of abuse

Shaking Baby Syndrome common

Types of abuse

Sexual

Physical

Emotional

Verbal

Slide36

Suicide

3

rd

leading cause of death (15-24 years)

Firearms used in 57% of male suicides

Depression, alcohol and drug use are contributing factors

Highest in incarcerated youths, gay or bisexual, and sexually abused

Girls attempt more but males are more successful in suicide attempts

Slide37

Poisoning

Among top five causes of death under age 10; 75% under age 6

Household items and medications are common forms of poisoning

Lead poisoning is chronic and blood can be tested to diagnose; caused neurological disorders

Treatment MAY be medication to induce vomiting