IAFC Fire officer principles practice 3Ed ch 17 Fire attack ID: 776733
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Slide1
Chapter 17
Fire Attack
Slide2Fire Officer I
Objectives
Discuss the results of the full-scale structure fire experiments conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Underwriters Laboratories (UL). Describe a fire officer’s role in supervising a single company.
Slide3Fire Officer I
Objectives
Describe how to size up the incident. Discuss how to develop an incident action plan.Discuss tactical safety considerations when fighting fires.
Slide4Fire Officer II
Objectives
Discuss the results of the full-scale structure fire experiments conducted by the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) and Underwriters Laboratories (UL). Discuss the fire officer’s role in supervising multiple companies.
Slide5Fire Officer II
Objectives
Identify and describe general structure fire considerations.
Slide6Introduction
Structural firefighting is a practice built upon experience and experiments.
Recent findings have:Changed our understanding of fire dynamicsIdentified the importance of controlling flow path
Changed ventilation and interior firefighting practices
Slide7New Fire Behavior Graph
Fire experiments in 1908 led to the development of a time-temperature curve.
At the time, fires within a structure were fuel limited.
Courtesy of National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Slide8New Fire Behavior Graph
Recent experiments have shown that modern fires are ventilation limited.
Resulted in a different time-temperature curve
Courtesy of National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Slide9Modern Versus Legacy Single-Family Dwellings
Four factors distinguish modern versus legacy single-family dwellings:
Larger homesOpen house geometriesIncreased fuel loadsNew construction materials
Slide10Modern Versus Legacy Single-Family Dwellings
Reproduced from: Fire Technology 48(4): 865-891, “Analysis of Changing Residential Fire Dynamics and Its Implications on Firefighter Operational
TimeFrames
”,
Kerber
, S., Copyright © 2012, National Fire Protection Association.
Slide11Flow Path
Flow path: Volume between an inlet and an exhaust that allows heat and smoke to move from a higher-pressure area toward lower-pressure areas.
Slide12Flow Path
When combatting ventilation-limited compartment fires:
Control the access door.Apply water before vertical ventilation.Apply 30-90 seconds of water. You cannot make a big enough ventilation hole.
Slide13Flow Path
Operations conducted in the flow path place fire fighters at significant risk.
Reproduced from:
Madrzykowski
, Daniel (2013) Fire Dynamics: The Science of Fire Fighting. International Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management. Vol. 7. Number 2, page 7-15. Tulsa, OK: Oklahoma State University. Courtesy of National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Slide14Supervising a
Single Company
The fire officer is the working supervisor of a fire company.
Courtesy of Mike
Legeros
Slide15Closeness of Supervision
The level of supervision should be balanced with:
The experience level of company members The nature of the assignmentThe level of supervision is also affected by the location of the task.
Slide16Situational Leadership
Adopt the appropriate leadership style for the situation.
Nonemergency situations: Participative leadership is appropriate.Emergency incident: Decisions are needed quickly.
Slide17Standardized Actions
Emergency operations must be conducted in a structured, consistent manner.
Strong emphasis is placed on standard operating procedures (SOPs).
Slide18Command Staff Assignments
Include safety officer, liaison officer, and public information officer
The fire officer working in one of these positions reports directly to the incident commander.
Slide19Sizing up the Incident
Size-up is a systematic process of gathering and processing information to evaluate a situation.The end result is an incident action plan.An experienced officer will adjust the plan as more information becomes available.
Slide20Prearrival Information
Size-up begins with dispatch.
The name, location, and nature of the incident help the fire officer anticipate what might be happening at the scene.
Slide21On-Scene Observations
SOPs list the essential size-up factors.
The fire officer must understand and recognize basic fire dynamics. This information is needed to predict where the fire is burning and where it will spread Visualization is a significant factor.
Slide22On-Scene Observations
An understanding of fire dynamics is also needed to develop action plans.
Fuel load is another important factor.
Slide23Lloyd Layman’s Five-Step Size-up Process
Facts
Probabilities Situation
Decision
Plan of operation
Slide24National Fire Academy’s
Size-up Process
Preincident informationInitial size-up
Ongoing size-up
Slide25Risk
–Benefit Analysis
Key size-up factor when selecting the appropriate strategic modeThe degree of risk that is acceptable is determined by the benefits that can be anticipated.
Slide26Risk
–Benefit Analysis
Determines the appropriate strategy for an incident:Offensive operation Defensive operation
Transitional operation
Courtesy of Mike
Legeros
Slide27Incident Action Plan
After size-up, the incident commander develops an incident action plan.Two major components:Determination of appropriate strategy
Development of tactics to execute strategy
SOPs are used.
Slide28Incident Priorities
Life safety
Incident stabilizationProperty conservation
Slide29Tactical Priorities (RECEO VS)
R
escue Remove victims from danger.ExposuresKeep the incident from getting bigger.
C
onfinement
Prevent the fire from spreading to uninvolved areas.
Slide30Tactical Priorities (RECEO VS)
E
xtinguishmentExtinguish the fire or mitigate the incident.OverhaulMake sure the fire is completely out.
Slide31Tactical Priorities (RECEO VS)
V
entilationRemove heat, smoke, and products of combustion from a fire area.SalvageProtect or remove property that could be damaged by fire, smoke, water, or firefighting operations.
Slide32Tactical Safety Considerations
A full ensemble of protective clothing and equipment should be worn when exposed to hazardous conditions.Its weight, bulk, and thermal properties must be considered during extreme weather conditions.
Slide33Scene Safety
Use lights at night.
During cold weather, spread abrasive materials about the scene.If exposed to traffic hazards:Position apparatus to protect the scene.Wear high-visibility safety vests or jackets.
Request traffic control.
Slide34Scene Safety
Identify hazardous areas.
Hot zoneWarm zoneCold zoneKeep spare clothes on hand.
Slide35Rapid Intervention Crew
Initial rapid intervention crew (IRIC):
Two members from the initial attack crewRapid intervention crew (RIC):Four membersGenerally positioned outside, ready for immediate action
Slide36Personnel Accountability Report (PAR)
Systematic method of accounting for all personnel at an emergency incident
The fire officer physically verifies members are present.Anytime a fire fighter cannot be accounted for, he or she is considered missing until proven otherwise.
Slide37Supervising Multiple Companies
The first-arriving officer at a fire incident assumes the role of incident commander.May also be assigned as leader, or branch director, within ICSInformation is relayed in both directions through the fire officer.
Slide38Determining Task Assignments
Tactical priorities are subdivided into tasks and assigned to companies.
The incident commander determines the importance of each task.
Courtesy of
Rober
B. Rodriguez, Chief Fire Marshal, Alexandria Fire Department.
Slide39Determining Task Assignments
Exposure tasks:
Establishing a water supply and setting up master streamsRemoving combustible material from the windows of exposed buildingsRescue tasks:
Performing searches of the structure
Raising ladders
Removing occupants
Providing medical care and transport
Establishing an RIC
Slide40Determining Task Assignments
Overhaul tasks:
Pulling ceilings/walls Removing door and floor trim Checking the attic and basement Checking floors Removing or wetting burned material
Fire confinement tasks:
Advancing handlines
Extinguishment tasks:
Establishing a water supply
Advancing handlines
Applying water
Slide41Determining Task Assignments
Salvage tasks:
Throwing salvage covers over itemsRemoving smokeSoaking up water Deactivating sprinklersRemoving important documents
Ventilation tasks:
Vertical ventilation
Horizontal ventilation
Positive-pressure ventilation
Negative-pressure ventilation
Natural ventilation
Slide42Assigning Resources
Some situations require assistance from other agencies or jurisdictions.
The fire officer may have to activate a local emergency plan.The nature of the event should be considered when establishing an evacuation plan.
Slide43Single-Family Dwelling Fire Considerations
More civilian fire deaths occur in these dwellings than in any other type Rapid fire spread will occur.A variety of fire hazards can be found.Single-family homes may have been converted into apartments.
Slide44Low-Rise Multiple-Family Fire Considerations
Typically Type V construction
High peak-heat-release furniture and tighter insulation retains more heat.Buildings with sprinklers may increase difficulty for fire fighters due to being taller with longer hallways.
Slide45High-Rise Fire Considerations
Fires in high-rises require more fire fighters and an expanded ICS.Incident is divided into manageable units:Staging area supervisor Service branch director
Support branch director
Lobby control officer
Stairwell support group
Slide46High-Rise Fire Considerations
Comply with the organization’s SOPs.Consider bringing the big attack line first.Beware of weather conditions.Assemble an adequate crew.
Slide47Summary
Recent experiments have changed our understanding of fire dynamics and the importance of controlling the flow path.The fire officer is a working supervisor.The fire officer needs to adopt the appropriate leadership style based on the specific situation at hand.
Slide48Summary
Emergency incident operations must be conducted in a structured manner.Command staff assignments include the safety officer, liaison officer, and public information officer positions.The art of sizing up an incident requires a diverse knowledge base.
Slide49Summary
The specific size-up for an incident begins with the dispatch. The ability to size up a fire situation quickly requires a systematic approach.Chief Lloyd Layman presented a five-step process for analyzing emergency situations.
Slide50Summary
The National Fire Academy’s size-up system includes three phases.Risk–benefit analysis is a key factor when selecting the strategic mode.After size-up, the incident commander develops an incident action plan based on the incident priorities.
Slide51Summary
Tactical priorities provide an order for dealing with incident priorities. Fighting fires is inherently dangerous.Many departments have developed RIC training and deployment procedures. When a PAR is requested, the officer verifies that all members are present.
Slide52Summary
When operating as the IC, the officer has a greater level of responsibility.Tactical priorities are divided into tasks. More civilian fire deaths occur in one- and two-family dwellings.A fire within a high-rise structure requires an expanded ICS.