Arabian Literature - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Arabian Literature

Presentor

:

Jizelle

N. SalvadorSlide2
Slide3

Arabia (Arabian Peninsula)

Western Asia

 situated north-east of

Africa

Bordered

by the Red Sea to the west, the 

Persian Gulf

 to the northeast, the 

Levant

 to the north and the 

Indian Ocean

 to the southeast

.Slide4

Extend to different regions such us 

Lebanon

, 

Syria

, 

Yemen

, 

Oman

, 

Qatar

, 

Bahrain

, 

Kuwait

, 

Iraq

, 

Saudi Arabia

, 

Jordan

, the eastern 

Sinai

and

the 

United Arab Emirates

.Slide5

A Passion for Form

A Passion for Form

The Arabia area is known for its passion in creativity. Artists, designers and craftsmen put their stamp on buildings, objects and a communal spirit that gives energy.Slide6

Arabs

Also known as 

Arab people

They primarily inhabit 

Western Asia

, 

North Africa

, parts of the 

Horn of Africa

, and other areas in the Arab world. Arab ethnic groups which inhabit or are adjacent to the 

Arabian plate includes Slide7

Female

MaleSlide8

Government

Arabia was an absolute monarchy until 1992 at which time the Saud royal family introduced the country's first constitution.

The legal system is based on the

Sharia

Law (Islamic law).Slide9

History

The history of the Arabian Peninsula goes back to the beginnings of human habitation in Arabia up to 20,000 years ago.

The region has twice in world history had a global impact.Slide10

The first was in the 7th century when it became the cradle of 

Islam

. The second was from the mid-20th century when the discovery of vast oil deposits propelled it into a key economic and geo-political role.Slide11

Historical PeriodSlide12

Pre-Islamic Arabia

There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. However, the harsh climate historically prevented much settlement. In pre-Islamic Saudi Arabia, apart from a small number of urban trading settlements, such as

Mecca

 and 

Medina

, located in the 

Hejaz

 in the west of the peninsula, most of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic tribal societies or uninhabitable desert. However, 

archaeology

 has revealed the existence of civilizations in pre-Islamic Arabia (such as  

Thamud). Slide13

The Arabian peninsula has long been accepted as the original 

Urheimat

 of the 

Semitic languages

 by a majority of scholars. Slide14

The Rise of Islam

Age of the 

Caliphs

Expansion under 

Muhammad

, (brown)

Expansion during 

Rashidun

or "rightly guided" Caliphate

,(orange)

Expansion during the Umayyad

or successors Caliphate,(yellow)Slide15

The seventh century saw the introduction of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. The 

Islamic prophet

Muhammad

, was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610, but 

migrated

 to 

Medina

 in 622. From there he and his companions united the 

tribes of Arabia under the banner of 

Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian peninsula

.Slide16

He established a new unified polity in the Arabian peninsula which under the subsequent 

Rashidun

 and 

Umayyad

Caliphates

 saw a century of rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula in the form of a vast Muslim Arab Empire with an area of influence that stretched from the northwest 

Indian subcontinent

, across 

Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, southern Italy, and the 

Iberian Peninsula, to the Pyrenees

.Slide17

Following Muhammad's death in 632,

the 

Ridda

wars

, or "Wars of Apostasy".

Abu

Bakr

 became leader

Byzantine Empire

followed by 

Uthman ibn

al-Affanand

Ali ibn

Abi Talib

the Persian Empire

, . The period of these first four caliphs is known as al-khulafā

'

ar-rāshidūn

(R.A)Slide18

The Middle Ages

Despite its spiritual importance, in political terms Arabia soon became a peripheral region of the 

Islamic world

, in which the most important

medieval Islamic states

 were based at various times in such far away cities as 

Damascus

, 

Baghdad

, and Cairo.Slide19

Modern history

The provincial Ottoman Army for Arabia (

Arabistan

Ordusu

) was headquartered in Syria, which included Lebanon, Palestine, and the Transjordan region. It was put in charge of Syria, Cilicia, Iraq, and the remainder of the Arabian

Peninsula.The

Ottomans never had any control over central Arabia, also known as the 

Najd

 regionSlide20

The 

Damascus Protocol

 of 1914 provides an illustration of the regional relationships. Arabs living in one of the existing districts of the Arabian peninsula, the Emirate of 

Hejaz

, asked for a British guarantee of independence. Their proposal included all Arab lands south of a line roughly corresponding to the northern frontiers of present-day Syria and Iraq. They envisioned a new Arab state, or confederation of states, adjoining the southern Arabian Peninsula. It would have comprised 

Cilicia

İskenderun

 and 

Mersin

, Iraq

 with Kuwait, Syria

, Lebanon, Jordan

, and Palestine.Slide21

Late Ottoman rule and the Hejaz Railway

In the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottomans embarked on an ambitious project: the construction of a railway connecting 

Istanbul

, the capital of the 

Ottoman Empire

 and the seat of the Islamic 

Caliphate

, and 

Hejaz

 with its holiest shrines of Islam which are the yearly pilgrimage destination of the 

Hajj. Another important goal was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state, and to facilitate the transportation of military troops in case of need.Slide22

The 

Hejaz Railway

 was a 

narrow gauge railway

 (1050 mm) that ran from 

Damascus

 to 

Medina

, through the Hejaz region of Arabia. It was a part of the 

Ottoman railway network and was built in order to extend the previously existing line between Istanbul and Damascus (which began from the 

Haydarpaşa Terminal) all the way to the holy city of 

Mecca (eventually being able to reach only Medina due to the interruption of the construction works caused by the outbreak of World War I).Slide23

The Arab Revolt and the unification of Saudi Arabia

The major developments of the early 20th century were the 

Arab Revolt

 during World War I and the subsequent collapse

and

partitioning

of the Ottoman Empire

. The Arab Revolt (1916–1918) was initiated by the 

Sherif

Hussein

ibn Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling 

Ottoman Empire and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo

 in Syria to Aden in Yemen. During World War I, the Sharif Hussein entered into an alliance with the United Kingdom and France against the Ottomans in June 1916.Slide24

Oil reserves

The second major development has been the discovery of vast reserves of oil in the 1930s. Its production brought great wealth to all countries of the region, with the exception of 

Yemen

.Slide25

Civil war in Yemen

The 

North Yemen Civil War

 was fought in 

North Yemen

 between royalists of the 

Mutawakkilite

Kingdom of Yemen

 and factions of

the

Yemen Arab Republic from 1962 to 1970. The war began with a coup d'état

 carried out by the republican leader, Abdullah as-Sallal

, which dethroned the newly crowned Muhammad al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to the 

Saudi Arabian border and rallied popular support.Slide26

Gulf War

In 1990 

Iraq

 invaded Kuwait.

[35]

 The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces led to the 1990–91 

Gulf War

. 

Egypt

, Qatar, 

Syria and Saudi Arabia joined a multinational coalition that opposed Iraq. Displays of support for Iraq by 

Jordan and the Palestinians resulted in strained relations between many of the Arab states. After the war, a so-called "Damascus Declaration" formalized an alliance for future joint Arab defensive actions between Egypt, Syria, and the GCC member states.

[36]Slide27

Arabic Literature in the Post-Classical Period

Arabic literature

  is the writing, both 

prose

 and 

poetry

, produced by writers in

the

Arabic

language. The Arabic word used for literature is "adab", which is derived from a meaning of 

etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment.Slide28

Arabic Prose Literature

Foundations

 . From early on Islam produced a broad prose literature of enduring significance. By 1500 the Muslim literary tradition—by then nearly nine hundred years old—was one of the leading traditions of the world and probably the largest in size at that time. Although Muslim literature later came to be written down in a considerable number of languages, until 1500 it was almost entirely written in just two, Arabic and Persian. Though the Muslim canon in either language was enormous by 1500, the Arabic was somewhat larger, in part because it was older, having begun in the seventh century, while Persian Muslim literature began in the tenth.Slide29

The Rise of Prose Literature .

The central role of Arabic poetry decreased after the thirteenth century and had perhaps begun to lose its dominance considerably earlier. Arabic prose in the meantime arose and flourished throughout the period 750 –1500. For about the first 150 years of Islam, the Qur’an prevailed alongside poetry and oral narratives; before 750, little prose literature was written, apart from a handful of treatises, epistles, and speeches, mostly connected with the government, such as those attributed to the Umayyad

khalifal

secretary

Abd

al-

Hamid

ibn

Yahya

(died 750). An Abbasid prime minister of Persian origin, Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ (circa 720 – circa 756), also wrote some prose treatises. Slide30

Arabic Poetry

Arabic poetry

 is the earliest form of 

Arabic literature

. Present knowledge of poetry in Arabic dates from the 6th century, but 

oral poetry

 is believed to predate that.

Researchers and critics of Arabic poetry usually classify it in two categories: classical and modern poetry. Classical poetry was written before the Arabic renaissance (

al-

Nahḍah

). Thus, all poetry that was written in the classical style is called "classical" or "traditional poetry" since it follows the traditional style and structure. It is also known as "horizontal poetry" in reference to its horizontal parallel structure. Modern poetry, on the other hand, deviated from classical poetry in its content, style, structure, rhyme and topics.Slide31

The Qur'an

The 

Qur'an

 had a significant influence on the Arab language. The language used in it is called 

classical Arabic

, and while modern Arabic is very similar, the classical is still the style to be admired. Not only is the Qur'an the first work of any significant length written in the language it also has a far more complicated structure than the earlier literary works with its 114 

suras

 (chapters) which contain 6,236 

ayat

 (verses).

It contains 

injunctions, narratives, 

homilies, parables, direct addresses from God, instructions and even comments on itself on how it will be received and understood. It is also, paradoxically, admired for its layers of metaphor as well as its clarity, a feature it mentions itself in

sura 16:103.Slide32

Well Known Authors

Kahlil

Gibran

Ameen

Rihani

Elia

Abu

MadiNaomi

Shihab NyeMikha'il Na'ima

Imru' al-QaisKhaled

MattawaAhmad ibn Hanbal

Naguib Mahfouz Slide33

THE BEWILDERED ARAB

Jami

From the solitary desert

Up to Baghdad cam a simple Arab;

There amid the rout

Grew bewildered of the countless

People, hither, thither, running,

Coming going, meeting, parting.

Clamor, clatter, and confusion,

All about him and about.  

Travel-wearied , hubbub-dizzy,Would the simple Arab fainGet to sleep-Bur then, on waking,

"How",quoth he," amid so many

Walking, know myself again?  

So, to make the matter certain,

Strung a gourd about his ankle,

And into a corner creeping,

Baghdad and himself and people 

Soon were blotted from his brain.

But one that heard him and divined

His purpose slyly crept behind.

From the sleeper's ankle clinging,

Round his own the pumpkin tied

And laid him down to sleep beside.

By and by the Arab, waking,

Looks directly for his signal

Sees it on another's ankle

Cries aloud, "Oh, good-for-nothing

Rascal to perplex me so!

That by you I am bewildered,

Whether I be or I be no!

If I the pumpkin why on you?

If you then where am I, and who?''Slide34

Count Not Your Chickens Before They Be Hatched Slide35
Slide36

continuationSlide37

The Greedy JackalSlide38

Assignment

Read the story of :

The Arabian Nights

The Lady and Her Five

Suitors

The Prophet by

Kahlil

Gibran

The Food of Paradise by Ibn Amjed

(adapted version)Simon who was Called Peter by Kahlil

GibranAnd summarize