Psychological - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1
Slide2

Psychological

Perspectives

/

paradigms

/

schools

of

thoughtSlide3

Psychoanalytical Perspective Slide4
Slide5

Psychoanalytical

Sigmund Freud

Father of Psychoanalysis, a method based largely on case studies of his patients.Slide6

‘Psychoanalysis’(Freud’s baby) vs. modern-day ‘Psychotherapy’

Psychoanalysis

Internal conflicts

Interpretations

Hypnosis, Free association

Vs.

Psychotherapy

Face to face

Still probing into childhood

experiences

Session schedule Slide7

Psychoanalytical

The unconscious mind

No conscious control of thoughts and feelings

Importance of dreams

Childhood experiences

Trauma

Placed importance on sexual and aggressive impulses (Controversial-Why many of his students broke away.)

Neo-FreudiansSlide8

Psychoanalytical

The unconscious mind

Freud insisted that we do not consciously control our thoughts, feelings and behavior. Instead, unconscious forces are at work. Slide9

What we know now….

High stress enhances, not represses memories.

Experience has little affect on personality. (Our behaviors are not necessarily representative of our personality.) Slide10

Psychoanalytical

The Freudian Slip

A Freudian slip-"slip of the tongue" in which a mistake in speech reveals something of the nature of the speaker's unconscious or semi-conscious desires. Slide11

Psychoanalytical

The Freudian Slip

An example might be a person saying to an effeminate man, "Wow! your

house

is so queen! I m-m-m-ean clean!".

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PGeKNk1oWo&NR=1Slide12

Psychoanalytical

Examples of Stages of Development

Oral Stage:

Unsuccessful completion/issues at this stage lead to oral fixations. Issues with drinking, eating, nail biting, smoking, etc. Overly reliant on others.

Anal Stage:

Bladder and bowl control. If potty training is too strict child will develop an anal-retentive personality. (Too orderly, obsessive, rigid.) If training is too lenient, child will develop an anal-expulsive personality. (Messy, wasteful, destructive.)

Slide13

Operationally define ‘psychotherapy’ in 5 words or less.Slide14

Psychoanalytical

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would Freud have explained his behaviors? How would he have attempted to fix the behaviors? Slide15

Behavioral Psychology

John B. Watson

Ivan Pavlov

Slide16

Behavioral

Psychology is a science. It is measurable and objective. Looked at behaviors, not thoughts or feelings, because they are observable/measureable and are determined by the environment.

Slide17

Behavioral

“Behaviors are learned!”

(Through conditioning)

Watson’s

Little Albert Experiment.

Slide18

Behavioral

“Behaviors are learned!”

How we learn “observable” responses.

Learning by association

Learning by watching

Punishment/reward systems

Stimulus/ResponseSlide19

Behavioral

How we learn “observable” responses.

Punishment/reward systemsSlide20

Behavioral

Ivan Pavlov=Classical conditioning

Slide21

Behavioral

Ivan Pavlov=Classical conditioning

UCS

UCR

NS

CS

CR

Bell, Meat, drool

Bell, Meat, drool…..

Bell, drool

Slide22

Behavioral

Ivan Pavlov=Classical conditioning

UCS-Meat

UCR-Drool

NS-Bell

CS-Bell

CR-Drool

Slide23

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsLJgUVwZ-Q&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Classical Conditioning with

Jim & DwightSlide24

Little puppy Acorn was nipping at peoples’ pant legs. In order to solve the problem we paired a bottle of water and vinegar with an “

ickkkkkkkk

” noise. Explain how we might have stopped Acorn from nipping using the principles of classical conditioning. Be sure to identify the following:

UCS

UCR

NS

CS

CRSlide25

Behavioral

B.F. Skinner-Extensive work on operant conditioning (Rewards and Punishments)

Belief: Any behavior that is reinforced, meaning it is followed by a rewarding consequence, is more likely to be preformed again.

Slide26

Operant conditioning is learning to modify one’s behavior due to an association of the behavior with a stimulus.

(Ex. Being nice with chocolate.)

It is different from classical conditioning in that it deals with VOLUNTARY behavior. Slide27

http

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4&feature=related

Operant Conditioning Slide28

Behavioral

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would a behavioral psychologist explain his behaviors? How would he or she attempt to fix the behaviors?Slide29

BiologicalSlide30

Biological or Physiological Psychology

How the body and brain interact to cause behavior, emotion, memory, etc.

Chemicals

Nervous system

Related to neuroscience

How these account for individual differences Slide31

Biological or Physiological Psychology

Ex: How the number of ear infections children have in the first year of life (a biological difference) is correlated with learning disabilities in elementary school.Slide32

Biological

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the biological approach explain his behaviors? How would a psychologist that employs this approach attempt to fix the behaviors?Slide33

Sociocultural

Social and cultural factors are just as powerful and biological or subconscious factors. We MUST think about the cultural context in which the behavior takes place. Is it “normal” within that culture?

Our cognitive and learning processes are merely products of our society and culture. Different cultures have various normative behaviors, and practices.

Our culture teaches us behavior, which may also vary according to our society. Our socialization within a specific culture and society, molds our behavior and teaches us right from wrong. Slide34

Sociocultural

Sociocultural example on a smaller scale: Multi-generational cycles. -All members of the family attend Notre Dame, or members of the family do not attend college. Slide35

Sociocultural

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the sociocultural approach explain his behaviors? How would they attempt to fix the behaviors? Slide36

Evolutionary Psychology

Studies how nature selects traits and promotes the perpetuation of genes.

What are the evolutionary or historical values of mate selection , fear of certain animals or jealousy?

Hunting and gathering societies

Reproductive Success-We are programmed to be successful at passing on genes.

This survival of the fittest, 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored genes/ strongest races in the struggle for life. Slide37

Evolutionary Psychology

This survival of the fittest, 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored genes/ strongest races in the struggle for life.

Why does Carrie want to date the captain of the football team? Why is Jimmy looking for a super-model? Slide38

Evolutionary Psychology

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would evolutionary psychology

explain

his behaviors? Slide39

Humanistic Perspective

Non-scientific

free choice

environment is not a factor.

Developing to one’s full potential.

Humanists have a more positive view of human nature. People are inherently good.

Psychologists: Rogers and Maslow

Slide40

Humanistic Perspective

Psychologists: Rogers and Maslow

Rogers: Developed client -centered therapy. Patient directs the discussion and focuses on his view of the problem, rather than on the psychologist’s analysis.

Popularized group therapy

Maslow-Hierarchy of needs. As humans we must take care of the most basic needs before we can proceed to the next level in functioning or self fulfillment “I can’t think until I’ve had my coffee.” Or a young child that can’t complete his spelling test because he has a tooth ache.

Slide41

Humanistic Perspective

Maslow-Hierarchy of needs

Slide42

Humanistic Psychology

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the Humanists explain and/or attempt to fix his behaviors?

Slide43

Cognitive Psychology

Gestalt

Related to Gestalt psychology=People perceive whole patterns, rather than collections of separate sensations.

The belief that the mind interprets experiences in predictable ways, rather than simply reacting the experiences. Slide44

Famous Gestalt saying:

“The whole is greater

than the sum of the parts”Slide45

Cognitive Psychology

It is all about interpretation!!!! (Maladaptive thoughts-I can’t change your situation, but I can work with you on how you view or interpret the situation.)Slide46

Cognitive Psychology

Example

A cognitive psychologist devised the following experiment:

The psychologist asked her subjects to read the sentence,

The old woman was sweeping the steps.

Later she asked the participants to recall if the sentence contained the word “broom.” The majority said it did. Why?

Prior knowledge

and

associations

we have formed play a part in our perception and coding of new information. Slide47

We use gestalt principles to read

“

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to

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, it

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is

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be at the

rghit

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can be a

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porbelm

.

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we

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we

bgien

to

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in our

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to see

waht

we

epxcet

to see. The

huamn

mnid

deos

not

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ervey

lteter

by

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, but

preecsievs

the

wrod

as a

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. We do

tihs

ucnsoniuscoly

wuithot

tuhoght

.”Slide48

Cognitive Psychology

Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the cognitive psychologists explain and attempt to fix his behaviors? Slide49

What is an eclectic approach to psychotherapy? Why is it the most common approach? Slide50

Social-

cognitive

perspective

Bandura’s

Bobo

doll

experiment

.