tissue Dr Maria Zahiri 3 Dr Maria Zahiri Four basic tissue types E pithelial tissue surfaces and glands Connective tissue Muscle tissue contractile cells N ervous tissue ID: 932515
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Slide2Dr. Maria Zahiri
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Slide3C
onnective
tissue
Dr. Maria
Zahiri
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Dr. Maria Zahiri
Slide4Four
basic tissue types
:
E
pithelial tissue (surfaces and glands)Connective tissue
Muscle
tissue (contractile cells)N
ervous tissue
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Dr. Maria Zahiri
Slide5Main
roles of connective tissue
Mechanical support
binding cells into tissues
Binding tissues to each other
Protection and Defense
Serving as a medium for exchange
Storage (water, ions, minerals, Growth factor)
Energy supply
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Slide6What's the contents of connective tissue?
connective tissue
cells
ECM
(Extra cellular matrix)
Fibers
Ground substance
Fluid
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Slide7Classification
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUES
adipose tissue
haemopoietic
tissue (bone marrow, lymphoid tissue)
blood
bone and cartilage
Slide8The cells
Cells of connective tissue
Mesenchyme
Adult
Fixed Cells
Fibroblast
Macrophage
Adipose cells
Mast cells
Undifferentiated
mesenchyme
cell
Wandering Cells
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Blood
cells
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Slide9Mesenchymal
cells
Small
fusiform
or
stellate
cells
Have
delicate
chromatin
pattern
Pluripotential
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Slide10Fibroblast
are most common cells of C.T.
Produce and secrete ECM
Active fibroblast has more cytoplasm include of developed RER, Golgi apparatus and
euchromatic
nucleus = activated (wound healing)
Inactive fibroblast (
Fibrocyte
) has flattened nuclei, sparse cytoplasm
Fibroblasts may differentiate to adipose cells or
chondrocytes
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Slide12wound healing
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Slide13Myofibroblast
:
are
modified fibroblasts
They
have bundle of
actin
similar
to smooth muscle cells
Abundant
in wound
healing ( wound contraction)
Activated
Fibrocyte
= fibroblast
wound healing
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Slide14Macrophage
Origin
: bone marrow
monocyte
( in blood) Macrophage in C.T.
Irregular membrane surface; nucleus may be oval and is eccentric
Size: 10-30 micro
Phagocytosis
of cell debris and micro organisms
Presenting antigens to lymphocytes
RBC turnover in spleen
Secretion of
cytokins
, enzyme
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Slide15The
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
(also called
Reticuloendothelial
System or Macrophage System)
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is a part of the immune system
consists of the
phagocytic
cells
located in reticular connective tissue
Slide16A
ntigen-presenting
cell
(
APC) or accessory cell
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These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells.
Slide17Epithelioid
cells or multinuclear giant cells
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In chronic inflammation
is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually macrophages), often forming a
granuloma
.
It can arise in response to an infection
Granulomas
form when the immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate.
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Slide19Mast cell
Cytoplasm full of granules containing heparin, histamine, proteases,
chemotactic
factors,
chondroitin
sulphate
Size: 10-13 micro
Centeric
nucleus
Originate from bone marrow stem cell
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Slide20- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
- Slow reaction
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Slide21'Eosinophil
Chemotactic
Factor
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a peptide
that
is
chemotactic
for
eosinophilic leukocytes and is released from disrupted mast cells
Slide22Anaphylaxis
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Slide23Plasma cell
Common in intestinal lamina
propria
and glands secreting
immunoglubulins
such as
lacrimal
glands, salivary glands, and mammary gland
Oval cell with basophilic cytoplasm, clock face nucleus
Differentiate from B - lymphocytes
Life span 10-20 days
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Slide25Adipocyte
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Slide26Others
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes - small, heterochromatic nucleus
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Slide27Slide28Fibers
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers
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Slide29Collagen fibers
Staining (
Eosin - pink; Mallory’s - blue; Masson’s – green)
Physical feature
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Slide30Chemical components
prolin
lysin
Hdroxy
prolin
Hydroxy
lysin
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Slide32Biosynthesis
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Slide35Disorders
:
Osteogenesis
imperfecta
(gene or amino acid)
Progressive systemic Sclerosis (
fibrose
-
keloid
)
Vitamin C is a co-factor for
prolin
hydroxylase
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Slide36Reticular Fibers (Collagen type III)
Staining (
Argylophilic
- PAS)
Physical feature
Formative cell
Disorders (
ehlers-Danlos
IV)
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Slide37Ground substance
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is the background material within which all other connective tissue elements are embedded.
consist of a complex of
glycosaminoglycans
(
GAGs
),
proteoglycans
, and
glycoproteins
Slide38Classification
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
loose irregular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
Slide39CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
loose irregular connective tissue
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includes
areolar
tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose tissue
is the most common type of connective tissue in vertebrates
It holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues.
It also surrounds the blood vessels and nerves.
fibroblasts are widely dispersed in this tissue
Slide40Areolar tissue
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is a common type of loose connective tissue (and the most widely distributed type of connective tissue in vertebrates
Many adjacent epithelial tissues (which are
avascular
) get their nutrients from the interstitial fluid of
areolar
tissue; the lamina
propria
is
areolar
in many body locations.
Its fibers run in random directions and are mostly
collagenous
, but elastic and reticular fibers are also present.
Slide41Function
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hold organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues
It also serves as a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues.
Almost all cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into
areolar
connective tissue.
Slide42Location
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is found beneath the dermis layer and is also underneath the epithelial tissue
It is also a component of the lamina
propria
of the digestive and respiratory tracts,
the
stroma
of glands
the hypodermis of the skin
It is also found in the mesentery which is surrounding the intestine
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Slide47Dense connective tissue
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is enriched in collagen fibers with little ground substance
If the closely packed bundles of fibers are located in one direction, it is called
regular (
tendons)
if oriented in multiple directions, it is referred to as
irregular
(dermis)
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Slide50Scars
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are areas of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) that replace normal skin after injury.
A scar results from the biological process of wound repair in the skin and other tissues of the body.
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Scar tissue is composed of the same protein (collagen) as the tissue that it replaces, but the fiber composition of the protein is different
This collagen scar tissue alignment is usually of inferior functional quality to the normal collagen
randomised
alignment.
For example, scars in the skin are less resistant to ultraviolet radiation, and sweat glands and hair follicles do not grow back within scar tissues.
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A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, causes scar formation in the heart muscle, which leads to loss of muscular power and possibly heart failure.
However, there are some tissues (e.g. bone) that can heal without any structural or functional deterioration.
Slide53Types
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Hypertrophic
Keloid
Atrophic
Stretch marks
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