FIRST AID AND CPR TABLE OF CONTENT - PowerPoint Presentation

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FIRST AID AND CPR

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TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

QUALITIES OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER

LEGAL ASPECT OF PROVIDING FIRST AID

PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE OF FIRST AID

ASSESSING A CASUALTY

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

PRACTICALS

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INTRODUCTION

What is First Aid?

First aid is the immediate skilled care, initial assistance or treatment given to someone in need, injured or suddenly taken ill before the arrival of an ambulance, a professional medical person or movement to the hospital.

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Who is a First Aider

A First Aider

is highly trained, knowledgeable, competent in theoretical and practical instructions and passed professionally supervised examination, with a certificate

One

who uses his/her first aid knowledge and skills to save themselves (self-aid) or others. They may be able to save a life, prevent permanent disability, or reduce long periods of hospitalization by

knowing:

-

WHAT to

do,

- WHAT

NOT to

do, and

- WHEN

to seek medical assistance

.

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QUALITIES OF A FIRST AIDER

A good head, trained hands and a willing heart

• Observant

• Careful

• Confident

• Resourceful

• Truthful

• Sympathetic

• Persevering

Prioritizing

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AIMS OF FIRST AID

To save lives

To prevent permanent disability

To reduce long periods of hospitalization

To promote quick recovery

To save time

To save money

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LEGAL ASPECTS OF PROVIDING FIRST

AID

The

Good Samaritan principle prevents someone who has voluntarily helped another in need from being sued for ‘wrongdoing.’ Since government want to encourage people to help others, they pass specific ‘Good Samaritan’ laws or apply the principle to common laws. You are generally protected from liability as long as:

You are reasonably careful,

You act in ''good faith’ (not for reward),

You do not provide care beyond your skill level.

If you decide to help an ill or injured person, you must not leave them until someone with equal or more emergency training takes over – unless of course, it becomes dangerous for you to stay.

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CONSENT

Consent means permission. A responsive adult must agree to receive first aid care.

‘Expressed Consent’

means the victim gives his or her permission to receive care. To get consent, first identify yourself. Then tell the victim your level of training and ask if it’s okay to help.

“Implied Consent”

means that permission to perform first aid care on an unresponsive victim is assumed. This is based on the idea that a reasonable person would give their permission to receive lifesaving first aid if they were able.

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EMOTIONAL ASPECT OF PROVIDING FIRST AID

Both the first aid provider and the victim may suffer emotional distress during and/or following a traumatic incident. The seriousness or horror of the incident will be a factor in determining the amount of emotional distress. It may

be

worse in Human- made events; for example, a terrorist attack or mass shooting. Providing first aid care for a seriously injured or ill child is generally more emotionally difficult than caring for an

adult

 

Symptoms of a traumatic stress reaction include a pounding heartbeat and fast breathing which may begin during or within minutes of the traumatic event. Feeling of guilt for not having done more, worrying about the safety of loved ones, nightmares, thinking about the event repeatedly may follow the incident.

 

Stress reactions are a normal, human response to a traumatic event and are usually temporal. With the help of family and friends, most people gradually feel better as times goes by. If you feel you need extra help coping after a traumatic event, call your doctor. The organisation you work for may have an Employee Assistance Program available to help you.

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INFECTIOUS DISEASES

The risk of getting expose to a disease while giving first aid is extremely low, even so, it is prudent to protect yourself from any exposure

Blood borne pathogens are viruses or bacteria that are carried in blood and can cause disease in people. There are many different blood borne pathogens, but Hepatitis B (HBV) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are the two diseases commonly addressed by health and safety standards.

‘Universal Precaution’

is a way to limit the spread of disease by preventing contact with the blood and certain

body

fluids. To ‘observe Universal Precautions’ means that whether or not you think the victim’s blood or

body

fluid is

infected,

you act as if it is.

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment provides a barrier between you and the victim’s blood or body fluid. Disposable gloves are the most recognised barrier and should always be worn whenever blood or body fluids are or may become present

.

PREVENTION

To reduce the risk of infection, you should:

Always wear Personal protective equipment in first aid situation

Carefully remove gloves, clothing, and any other contaminated material.

After proving first aid, wash your hands and other expose skin thoroughly with

antibacterial

soap and worm water. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub

Do not eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics, lib balm, or handle contact lenses until you have washed your hands after performing first aid.

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Disposable Gloves

CPR Face Shield

CPR Pocket /Rescue Mask

Bag / Valve / Mask Device

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First aid priorities

A-assess a situation

quickly and calmly

P- protect yourself

and any casualty from danger

P- Prevent cross infection

between yourself and casualty as far as possible

C- Comfort and reassure

casualty at all times

A- Assess the casualty

- identify the injury or nature of illness

G- Give early treatment

- most serious (life threatening) condition first

A- Arrange for appropriate help

- call emergency help. Stay with the casualty until care is available

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Assessing a Casualty

Primary Survey (DR ABC)-

This is a quick systematic assessment of a person to establish if any condition or injury sustained is life threatening.

By following a methodical sequence using establish techniques each life-threatening condition can be identified in a priority order and dealt with on a ‘find and treat basis’

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R= Response

Checking for Response (AVPU)

Assessing whether a casualty is conscious or unconscious.

Shake the casualty’s shoulders ------

Adult

Tap the casualty’s shoulders ------

Child

Tap the casualty’s foot --------------

Infant

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A= Airway

Checking for Airways

Check that the casualty’ airways is open and cleared.

If alert and talking – the airway is open and cleared

If unconscious – the airways may be obstructed. Open and clear the airway

How to open the airways

Lift the chin and tilt the head backward

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B=Breathing

Breathing (LLF)

Look, listen and feel for normal breaths.

If he is alert and/or talking to you he will be breathing.

If an unconscious casualty is not breathing the heart will stop. Chest compression & rescue breaths must be started

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C=Circulation

Checking for Circulation

Are there any sign of severe bleeding?

Condition that affect blood circulation can also be life threatening. Injuries that result in severe bleeding can cause blood loss from the circulatory system so must be treated immediately to minimize the risk of shock.

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Secondary survey

History

(mechanism of injury)

Event & Previous Medical History

Event History

Find out what happened, the casualty or bystanders can tell you. Look for clues

Previous Medical History

This may have nothing to do with the present condition, it could be a clue to the cause.

Clues to the existence of such condition may include a medical bracelet or medication in the casualty’s possessions.

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CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST

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CARDIOPULMONARY

RESUSCITATION

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

is used to restore the heartbeat in a victim whose heart has stopped—a condition known as

cardiac arrest

.

Symptoms

of this life-threatening condition may include crushing pain or pressure behind the breastbone; pain in the arms, neck, or shoulder; anxiety and a feeling of

impending(threatening)

doom; difficulty breathing; heavy

perspiration

(

f

luid lost from the body both in the form of sweat

);

weakness;

nausea(

urge to vomit

); and loss of consciousness.

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CPR:

combines the techniques of artificial respiration with the application of external heart massage to keep blood flowing through the victim’s body

.

The first-aid provider positions the victim face up on a firm surface and clears the airway of any obstructions.

To

maintain an open airway, the head is tilted back and the chin lifted forward.

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CPR RATIO

ADULT 30/2 TWO HANDS

CHILD 30/2 ONE HAND

INFANT 30/2

TWO

FINGERS

American Heart Association& American Red Cross

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PRACTICALS

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PINCH GLOVE

Pinch the palm side of one glove near the wrist.

Carefully pull the glove off so that it is inside out.

PULL GLOVE OFF

Pull the glove until it comes off, inside out, so that

the first glove ends up inside the glove just removed.

SLIP TWO FINGERS UNDER GLOVE

Hold the glove in the palm of the remaining gloved

hand. Slip two fingers under the glove at the wrist

of the remaining gloved hand.

REMOVING GLOVES

AFTER GIVING CARE AND MAKING SURE TO NEVER TOUCH THE BARE SKIN WITH THE OUTSIDE OF EITHER GLOVE:

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Open an unconscious person’s airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique

Check for breathing for no more than 10 seconds

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Place your other hand directly on top of the first hand. Try to keep your fingers off of the chest by interlacing them or holding them upward

If you have arthritis in your hands, you can give compressions by grasping the wrist of the hand positioned on the chest with your other hand.

To give chest compressions:

Push straight down

with the weight of your body.

B, Release, allowing the chest to return

to its normal position.

RESCUE BREATHE

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RECOVERY POSITION

An infant recovery position

A stoma is an opening in the neck that allows a person to breathe after certain surgeries on the airway.

Courtesy of the

International Association

of Laryngectomy (

the surgical removal of all or part of the larynx

.).

stoma

To give rescue breaths into a stoma, make an airtight seal with your lips around the stoma or use a round paediatric resuscitation mask and blow in to make chest clearly rise.

Paediatric:

disease prevention mask

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Help the person going into shock to

lie down and keep him or her from

getting chilled or overheated.

Clutching the throat with one or both hands is universally recognized as a signal for choking

.

CHOKING

shock

a state of physiological collapse, marked by a weak pulse, coldness, sweating, and irregular breathing, and resulting from a situation such as blood loss, heart failure, allergic reaction, or emotional trauma

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BACK BLOWS & ABDOMINAL THRUST

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If a conscious child has a completely blocked airway: C, Give back blows. D, Then give abdominal thrusts, as you would for an adult

.

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Give chest thrusts to a choking person who is obviously pregnant or known to be pregnant or is too large for you to reach around.

For a choking person in a wheelchair,

give abdominal thrusts.

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Pressing Abdomen against any hard object

If you are alone and choking; A, Bend over and press your abdomen against any firm object, such as the back of a chair.

Backblow

A ,

To give back blows,

position the infant so

that he or she is face-down

along your forearm.

.

To give chest thrusts, sandwich the

infant between your forearms. Continue

To support the infant’s head.

Chest Thrust

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Self abdominal thrusts

B, Or, give yourself abdominal thrusts by using your hands, just as you would do to another person

Back blow

B,

Give 5 firm back blows with

the heel of your hand while

supporting the arm that is holding

the infant on your thigh

B. Turn the infant onto his or her back keeping the infant’s head lower than the chest. Give 5 chest thrusts.

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BANDAGING

SUPPORT INJURED PART

BIND WITH BANDAGE

Bind the injured body part to the chest with a folded triangular bandage

.

CHECK CIRCULATION

POSITION SLING

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Techniques for Moving an Injured or Ill Person

Once you decide to move an injured or ill person, you must quickly decide how to do so. Carefully consider your safety and the safety of the person. Move an injured or ill person only when it is safe for you to do so and there is an immediate life threat.

Base your decision on the dangers you are facing, the size and condition of the person, your abilities and physical condition, and whether you have any help.

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To improve your chances of successfully moving an injured or ill person without injuring yourself or the person:

■ Use your legs, not your back, when you bend.

■ Bend at the knees and hips and avoid twisting your body.

■ Walk forward when possible, taking small steps and looking where you are going.

■ Avoid twisting or bending anyone with a possible head, neck or spinal injury.

■ Do not move a person who is too large to move comfortably.

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WALKING ASSIST

In a walking assist, your body acts as a crutch, supporting the person’s weight while you both walk

.

Two responders may be needed for the walking assist.

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The two-person seat carry

The pack-strap carry

The clothes drag can be used to move a conscious or unconscious person with a suspected

head, neck or spinal injury.

This move helps keep the person’s head, neck and back stabilized. Grasp the person’s clothing behind the neck, gathering enough to secure a firm grip.

THE CLOTHES DRAG