Create a line graph with 2 y axes These are fake numbers hunting in Summer Shade Year Hunters 2000 150 2001 200 2002 125 2003 100 2004 300 2005 350 2006 355 Year Deer 2000 ID: 932507
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Bioenergetics Graphing Tuesday" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Bioenergetics
Slide2Graphing Tuesday
Create a line graph with 2 y axes.
These are fake numbers @ hunting in Summer Shade!
Year
# Hunters2000150200120020021252003100200430020053502006355
Year
# Deer
2000
8,000
2001
7,800
2002
3,000
2003
2,500
2004
3,000
2005
3,250
2006
4,500
Slide3Stem Cell Review
1. What is a stem cell? _____________ ________
2. List the 2 types of stem cell: ______ ________
3. Which stem cell is controversial? Why?4. Where do they get adult stem cells from?
Slide4Review
Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
List 4 macromolecule types
How are these made/destroyed?Functions of Each Macromolecule.
Slide5Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in an organism.
Catabolism
- breaking down. EXERGONIC. Releases stored potential energy/heat.Anabolism- building up. ENDERGONIC. Absorbs energy/heat from environment.
Anabolism and Catabolism are an example of ENERGY COUPLING…2 different processes united by common energy.
Slide6Energy (E)
Kinetic- energy of movement, usually e- or protons in Biology.
Potential- energy of position, usually in the chemical bonds of e-/p in Biology.
Cell Respiration releases energy (KE), Photosynthesis allows capture of E from great E source (PE)
Slide7Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy
Slide8Thermodynamics
Study of heat and its properties.
First Law of Thermodynamics
: energy cannot be created/destroyed just transformed/transferred.Second Law of Thermodynamics
: every energy transfer increases entropy (disorder).Most organized at conception, as you move towards death you become more organized…evolution?
Slide9Thermodynamics
Slide10LE 8-3
Chemical
energy
Heat
CO2First law of thermodynamicsSecond law of thermodynamicsH2OSunlight is high quality E, Heat is low quality E
Slide11Gibbs “Free” Energy- ability to work (make ATP/GTP)
Δ
G = ΔH – TΔ SG- Gibbs “free” energy
H – Enthalpy (Total usable energy in the system)T – Temperature in Kelvin (273 + C⁰)S- Entropy (Disorder created by something being broken down)Δ – Change in a variable over time
Slide12Unstable (Capable of work)=LIVING
vs.
Stable (no work)=DEAD
G = 0A closed hydroelectric systemG < 0
Slide13LE 8-6a
Reactants
Energy
Products
Progress of the reactionAmount ofenergyreleased(G < 0) Final-initial E
Free energy
Exergonic reaction: energy released
Catabolism if G is negative, e.g. cell respiration. There is free energy to do work
Slide14LE 8-6b
Reactants
Energy
Products
Progress of the reactionAmount ofenergyrequired(G > 0)Free energy
Endergonic reaction: energy required
Anabolism if G is positive, then it cannot do work, energy is bound up (photosynthesis=
endergonic
)
Slide15Remember
Not all energy can be used…
Lots is lost to heat, some to waste (
defacation)
Slide16Types of work performed by living cells
NH
2
Glu
PiPiP
i
P
i
Glu
NH
3
P
P
P
ATP
ADP
Motor protein
Mechanical work: ATP
phosphorylates
motor proteins
Protein
moved
Membrane
protein
Solute
Transport work: ATP
phosphorylates
transport proteins
Solute transported
Chemical work: ATP
phosphorylates
key reactants
Reactants:
Glutamic
acid
and ammonia
Product (glutamine)
made
+
+
+
Slide17ATP
Slide18ATP
The 3 PO4 make it very unstable. This instability allows it to do lots of work.
Slide19Phosphorylation
ATP
ADP +Pi G=-13J
ADP +Pi ATP G=13J
Exergonic, can do workEndergonic, can’t do work
Slide20Phosphorus Cycle
Initially in rocks, rocks weather, P then in soil or
inwater
to be used by producers to make phospholipids, DNA/RNA, proteins.
Slide21Data Set 1 Picture
U2,D1
Slide22Enzyme Review
Protein function is caused by structure…sequence of _ _ and how they are _.
All major processes in cells involve proteins.
Suffix of most proteins:_Proteins are catalysts: speed up and control rate of reactions.
Slide23Slide24Enzyme Review
Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction. Benefit?
Enzymes used to be described as “lock and key” now they are said to be “induced fit” or “fits like a glove”
H bonds responsible for induced fit
Slide25Enzymes Lower E
A
Energy of Activation is the energy required to get the molecules lined up and ready for a reaction to take place (metabolism).
Because the molecules are sitting in the enzyme in position, it reduces all the time and energy of them “naturally” coming together.
Enzymes also eliminate the need for heat to move the molecules faster…we won’t incinerate ourselves during metabolism
Slide26.
Course of
reaction
without
enzymeEAwithout enzymeDG is unaffectedby enzymeProgress of the reactionFree energyEA withenzymeis lower
Course of
reaction
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
Slide27.
Substrate
Active site
Enzyme
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Slide28Enzymatic Process
Active Site- location of chemical reactions between enzyme and substrate.
Enzyme Substrate Complex- caused by induced fit. Held together by H bonds, ionic bonds, and Van
der Waals.
The amino acid R groups perform the reaction.
Slide29R groups of Amino Acids
Slide30.
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
EnzymeProducts Substrates enter active site; enzymechanges shape so its active siteembraces the substrates (induced fit). Substrates held inactive site by weakinteractions, such ashydrogen bonds andionic bonds.
Active site (and R groups of
its amino acids) can lower E
A
and speed up a reaction by
acting as a template for
substrate orientation,
stressing the substrates
and stabilizing the
transition state,
providing a favorable
microenvironment,
participating directly in the
catalytic reaction.
Substrates are
converted into
products.
Products are
released.
Active
site is
available
for two new
substrate
molecules.
Slide313 Factors that Affect Enzymes
1. Temperature
2. Salinity
3.pH*They all affect the 2*structure of proteins by altering the H bonds.
If a protein unwinds it is said to be __Type of protein that prevents misfolding_
Slide32Enzyme Inhibitors
These will slow or stop the rate of reactions
1.
Competitive Inhibitors- compete with substrate for active site, bind to active site, and SLOW reactions down.
2. Non-competitive Inhibitors- bind somewhere to the enzyme, change the active site completely, and STOP reactions.Inhibitors can be classified as reversible (Antabuse) or irreversible (Sarin-nerve gas)
Slide33.
Substrate
Active site
Enzyme
CompetitiveinhibitorNormal bindingCompetitive inhibitionNoncompetitive inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibition
A substrate can
bind normally to the
active site of an
enzyme.
A competitive
inhibitor mimics the
substrate, competing
for the active site.
A noncompetitive
inhibitor binds to the
enzyme away from the
active site, altering the
conformation of the
enzyme so that its
active site no longer
functions.
Slide34Allosteric Enzymes
“
Allo
” different, “stery” shapeEnzymes that will change shape, thus being turned off or on.
Inhibitor molecules turn the enzyme offFeedback Inhibition or Negative Feedback Loop-prevents wasting energyActivator molecules turn the enzyme on
Slide35Feedback Inhibition or
Negative
Feedback
Active site
availableInitial substrate(threonine)Threoninein active siteEnzyme 1(threoninedeaminase)Enzyme 2
Intermediate A
Isoleucine
used up by
cell
Feedback
inhibition
Active site of
enzyme 1 can’t
bind
theonine
pathway off
Isoleucine
binds to
allosteric
site
Enzyme 3
Intermediate B
Enzyme 4
Intermediate C
Enzyme 5
Intermediate D
End product
(
isoleucine
)
Slide36Cooperativity
One active site helps other active sites on the same molecule.
RBC-4 part molecule, each part carries O. When Part 1 fills with O the next part does …and RBC
deliveer O in the same way.
This is an example of cell efficiency/specializatino, conservation of E, and regulation.
Slide37Proteins involved in constructing a red blood cell
Quaternary
Structure
b
Chainsa ChainsHemoglobinIronHemeCollagen
Polypeptide chain
Polypeptide
chain
Slide38Bioenergetics
Enzymes are needed in all efficient energy reactions.
Two energy reactions we will focus on:
Photosynthesis- anabolic, endergonic, +GCell Respiration-catabolic, exergonic
, -G
Slide39Remember
Electrons are a source of E
CHOs come from H
20 and CO2 by plant’s chloroplastE in a molecule is directly related to # H present.Autotrophs
=Heterotrophs =
Slide40Autotroph - Plants
Slide41Autotroph - Algae
Slide42Autotroph - Phytoplankton
Slide43Autotroph - Bacteria
Slide44Heterotroph - Animal
Slide45Heterotroph - Fungus
Slide46Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
- light absorbing protein pigment that reflects green light. Found in plants, algae, and blue-green bacteria.
Chloroplast- organelle that contains grana (thylakoids
) and stroma
Slide47Chloroplast
Slide48Chloroplast Parts
Thylakoids
- contain chlorophyll. Site of Light reaction. Purpose is to make ATP & NADPH.
Grana- stacks of thylakoidsStroma- watery area @
thylakoids. Site of light independent (Calvin Cycle). Purpose is to use ATP & NADPH to make glucose using CO2
Slide49Photosynthesis chemical reaction
(Remember… conservation of matter.)
6
CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + Heat
Slide50Photosynthesis
Take radiant energy and convert into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH)
Take chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) and turn it into potential chemical energy (carbohydrate). Sugar creation is done by catabolism.
Slide51Photosynthesis Light Reaction
Slide52Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle
Slide53Sunlight Terminology
Slide54Electromagnetic Spectrum
Slide55Absorption vs. Reflection
Slide56Sunlight
High quality E
Sunlight travels in waves.
Each color has a wavelengthRed light has the longest wavelengthsLeast energy of the white light
Blue light has the shortest wavelengthsMost energy of the whiteUnits of light are called photons
Slide57Chloroplasts REFLECTING
Green Light
White
light
RefractingprismChlorophyllsolutionPhotoelectrictubeGalvanometerThe high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light.Greenlight
Slit moves to pass light
of selected wavelength
0
100
Slide58Chlorophyll ABSORBING
Blue light to power photosynthesis
White
light
RefractingprismChlorophyllsolutionPhotoelectrictubeThe low transmittance (high absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light.BluelightSlit moves to pass light of selected wavelength
0
100
Slide59Chloroplasts
absorbing
the
blue and the red light waves. The green is NOT
being absorbed.
Slide60Light Absorption vs. Reflection
Absorbed light = used light (red and blue0
Reflected light- unused light (green light) in plants
Slide61Chlorophyll Molecule
(How many electrons are in Mg’s outer shell?)
Hint: Look at the Periodic Table.
Slide62Absorbed Light
Light is absorbed by pigments:
Chlorophyll A-main one
Chlorophyll B- help ACarotenoids- reflects orange, red, yellow, help APhotosystems- groups of pigments in the
thylakoid membranePhotosystem I: makes ATP & NADPHPhotosystem II: makes ATP
Slide63Photosystem and
collecting sunlight energy.
Slide64Where are the photosystems located?
Slide65Synthesis Question (U2, D6)
Question:
The word “photosynthesis” means the “the process of using light to make”. What is made in the process is the organic macromolecule sugar (carbohydrate). In no more than three sentences, justify the meaning of photosynthesis by briefly telling what colors of light are involved in the process, what the light is converted into, and what are those molecules purpose. (5 Points)
Slide661pt. Discussion of the red and blue colors of white light being absorbed by plants.
1pt. Discussion of converting the light energy into ATP and NADPH or chemical
energy molecules 1pt. Discussion of ATP and NADPH (Chemical energy molecules) being used to make sugar.
1pt. Correct use of scientific terms.1pt
. Answer has no more than three sentences. (Following Directions.)
Slide67Remember
Cells have a high SA:V ratio. Why? SA:V ratio also high for mitochondria and chloroplast.
Valence electrons involved in bonding.
Slide68Light Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
* Turns radiant energy into chemical energy __ & __.
Takes place in the light, on
thylakoid membrane.Uses photosystems either in a
cyclic electron flow or a non-cyclic electron flow.There are 1000s of photosystems per each thylakoid. Benefit? SA:V?
Slide69Non-cyclic
electron flow
Slide70Cyclic
electron flow
Slide71Photosynthesis
1. Sunlight strikes the
Photosystem
II, 2 H2O enters Photosystem II.2. O2 is released from PII as waste, and 2H+, 2 E- are left.3. H+ is in the stroma
, and the e- move using a carrier protein, Cytochrome C, down the primary electron transport chain.
Slide724. Light also strikes
Photosystem
I causing it to lose electrons and move down another primary electron transport chain.
5. e-from PI, move towards enzyme, to NADP+ Reductase this enzyme reduces NADP+ into NADPH.
Redox Reactions- 2 molecules exchanging e-6. Redox reactions cause e- to move down ETC
Slide737. As e- move down the ETC, they power proton pumps (H+) with their kinetic energy.
8. H+ actively pumped from
stroma
into the thylakoid which causes a change in pH, and the concentration gradient is established. (air in balloon)9. This [gradient] is the potential energy that will make ATP using the enzyme ATP
Synthetase Complex (complex=many proteins) through anabolic phosphorylation. (air leaving balloon)
Slide74The quantities are mind boggling. A hectare (e.g. a field 100 m by 100 m) of wheat can convert as much as 10,000 kg of carbon from carbon dioxide into the carbon of sugar in a year, giving a total yield of 25,000 kg of sugar per year.
There is a total of 7000 x 10
9
tonnes of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and photosynthesis fixes 100 x 109 tonnes per year. So 15% of the total carbon dioxide in the atmosphere moves into photosynthetic organisms each year.
Slide75H+ (protons) being pumped into the
thylakoid
to “build”
potential energy.Photosynthesis
Slide76Energy Coupling
Using energy from the proton pump to make energy in the form of ATP.
Active transport sets up [gradient], diffusion creates the ATP
Making ATP in photosynthesis is called chemiosmosis.
Slide77Data set 2 picture (U2,D7)
Slide78Review
Slide79Remember
1. Law of Conservation of Mass- Matter is neither created or destroyed…just transferred/ transformed.
CHO are energy storage molecules for quick release.
C is the backbone of the 4 biomolecules. Primary source of C is CO2
from air.
Slide80Light Independent Reactions- Calvin Cycle
Uses ATP and NADPH to perform carbon fixation (make sugar from CO
2
).1. CO2 enters through the stomata, CO2 diffuses through
c.m. and membrane of chloroplast into the stroma.2. 3CO2 molecules will be added to RuBP- a five carbon molecule.3. Immediately the 6C molecule breaks into 2 3C molecules (6 3C molecules total).
Slide81Calvin Cycle step 1
Slide824. Use 6 ATP & 6 NADPH to bend each 3C sugars. (6 3C sugars).
The bent 3C sugars are then 6 molecules of G3P.
Slide835. 1G3P goes into making glucose, the other 5 G3Ps go back into the Calvin Cycle.
6. Using 3 ATP they are converted into 3 molecules of
RuBP
Slide84Making Glucose
One G3P per turn of the cycle.
Takes 2 turns to make one glucose.
Takes 9 ATP and 6NADPH per turn… 18 ATP and 12 NADPH per glucose.The glucose is used for food, and excessis stored in starch to be used in cell respiration or making cell walls.
Slide85Photorespiration
Uses O
2
to fix carbon instead of CO2.This is a last resort to stay alive, when the stomata are closed off to prevent H20 loss.
In C3 plants this will quickly lead to death.In C4 plants there is extra enzymes to grab CO2, and photosynthesis occurs in the inner leaf cells. These plants are adapted for hot weather…corn, cotton, summer flowers.
Slide86CAM Plants
Crussulacean
Acid Metabolism- utilize CO
2 stored as Crussulacean Acid because stomata only open at night. The C. acid is broken down in the day, and releases CO2 for Calvin Cycle.
Desert plants, succulents, bromeliads, etc.CAM Plants prevent transpiration.
Slide87Transpiration
Transpiration dictates available energy…
Deserts have lots of transpiration …minimal photosynthesis…minimal E.
Rainforests have little transpiration…lots of photosynthesis…lots of E…bigger food webs.
Slide88Competition vs. Evolution
Each plant type (C3, C4, CAM) have its own
niche
.A niche prevents competition thus conserving E.The more E conserved the more spent of reproducing, thus highly populating the area.Is this competition or evolution? Justify in 3 sentences.
Slide89Remember…
Law of Conservation of Matter…
Second Law of Thermodynamics- all E initiates from the sun (high quality), and ends up in entropy (low quality/disorder).
Carbon skeletons for 4 biomolecules
Slide90Energy Flow and Matter Cycling
Microorganisms
and other
detritivores
TertiaryconsumersSecondaryconsumersDetritusPrimary consumers
Sun
Primary producers
Heat
Key
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
Slide91Carbon Cycle
Cellular
respiration
Burning of
fossil fuelsand woodCarbon compoundsin waterPhotosynthesisPrimaryconsumers
Higher-level
consumers
Detritus
Decomposition
CO
2
in atmosphere
All C starts in atm.
Photosynthesis fixes CO2 to sugar.
Sugars used by consumers in cell respiration and release CO2.
Fossil fuel burning also releases CO2 into atm.
Slide92Ecosystems
All the interacting communities is a given area, also involves
abiotic
factors.Important Abiotic factors:Temp.Water
Nutrient cyclingEnergy flow
Slide93Trophic Structure “
troph
=feed”
These are feeding relationships.Second Law- with each level E is lost to entropy.All E eventually lost to heat.Matter also flows through the
trophic levels, never created/ destroyed…think geochemical cycles
Slide94Food Web vs. Chain
Slide95Energetic Hypothesis/ Pyramid of Numbers
Energetics
Hypothesis- there are short food chains because of the 10% rule.
90% of all energy consumed by the organisms is lost to heat/ maintenance before eaten by the next trophic level.
Slide96Food chains and the 10% Rule of Energy
Slide9710% Rule
Growth (new biomass)
Cellular
respiration
Feces100 J33 J67 J200 J
Plant material
eaten by caterpillar
Slide98Primary Productivity
Total amount of sunlight turned into chemical energy by photosynthesis.
Global Energy Budget- amount of sunlight used for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis produces 170 billion tons of sugar annually.Using only 1% of solar energy.
Slide99Productivity of the Earth
(Based on Chlorophyll Density)
Red
And Yellow areas have the highest productivity…so where are they located?
Slide100Net Primary Productivity
Gross Primary Productivity- total E produced
R- E used by
autotrophsNPP usually = 10%. It is the E available to next trophic level.
NPP = GPP - R
Slide101Data Set
3
picture U2,D9