For separate ecosystems to be classified as the same type of - PowerPoint Presentation

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For separate ecosystems to be classified as the same type of biome, they must —A) have deciduous forestsB) be located along the equatorC) have similar organisms and climatesD) be at least one hundred square meters in area

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Biomes

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Biome is a large area that exhibits similar climate, plants, and animals.Ecologists group Earth's diverse environments into biomes.

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Climate has 2 main componentsTemperaturePrecipitation

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Temperature and Precipitation help determine the type of vegetation in an ecosystem.As temperature and precipitation decrease, the climate of an area becomes drier and vegetation becomes sparser.

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Latitude and altitude affect

climate and vegetation in similar ways.

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Ecotone – a transition area between 2 adjacent ecosystems or communities that overlap. contain elements of both bordering communities as well as organisms which are characteristic and restricted to the ecotone.

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Can any organism (plant or animal) live in any biome?Adaptation is a process in which a species becomes better suited to survive in an environment.

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Plant Adaptations

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Desert AdaptationsSmall leaves or spines on desert plants conserve water. Thick waxy skin holds in water.Shallow r

oot system soak up rain water quickly before it evaporates.Xerophyte – plants structurally adapted for life and growth with limited water supply.

Succulent – plants like cacti with fleshy tissues for storing moisture

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Grassland AdaptationsDeep roots help plants survive prairie fires.Narrow leaves lose less water than broad leaves.Flexible stems bend in the wind.

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Tundra AdaptationsSmall plants grow close to the ground for warmth. Dark colored flowers absorb heat from the sun. Fuzzy stems provide protection from wind.

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Rainforest AdaptationsThe Capirona tree employs a unique adaptation to parasites. Each year, its bark sloughs off carrying with it an assorted variety of fungi, molds, insects, and other invasive plants.

Pointed drip tips channel rain to the soil and help keep the

leaf blades dry.Aerial plants gather nourishment from the air using 'air roots'

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Temperate Forest AdaptationsThick bark protects trees and dropping leaves in winter conserves water and nutrients during cold winters.

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Animal Adaptation – any behavioral or physical characteristic of an animal that helps it survive in its environment.

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Structural (physical) adaptation -- are body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself,

and to reproduce.

Body coverings & parts (claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, teeth)

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Chemical defenses (like venom, ink, sprays)

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Body size -Large size deters predators, makes metabolism more efficient -Small body size allows concealment, exploitation of small areasWater

conservation -cutaneous (skin) loss -excretory (urine/feces) loss -respiratory (breathing -- fewer breaths per minute means less water lost per breath and lower metabolism)

*have the ability to convert the dry seeds they eat into water.*have specialized kidneys which allow them to dispose of waste materials with very little output of water.kangaroo rats

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Temperature management -Cold vs Warm blooded

OR -Homeothermy vs

Poikilothermy-Cold blooded (Ectothermic) animals have low energy overhead but are inactive in cool and cold conditions-Warm blooded (Endothermic) animals have high energy overhead but can be very active even at low temperatures

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Body Temperature Regulation:

Endotherm vs. Ectotherm

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Protective coloration and protective resemblance allow an animal to blend into its environment = camouflage  Their camouflage makes it hard for enemies to single out individuals.

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Mimicry allows one animal to look, sound, or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous.The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the Monarch butterfly.

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Behavior adaptations include activities that help an animal survive – allows animal to respond to life needs Behavior adaptations can be learned or instinctive.

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Migration - - an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again.Animals migrate for different reasons (internal and external cues).  better climate

better food safe place to live safe place to raise young go back to the place they were born

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Hibernation -- deep sleep in which animal’s body temp drops, body activities are slowed to conserve energy.

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Biome Locations

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Tropical RainforestTypically found near the equatorReceives < 200 cm of rain annually

Temperatures typically on the warmer side – averages about 75o F for the yearAs many as 50% of all the world’s animal species may be found

hereAbout 1/4 of all the medicines we use come from rainforest plants

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Tropical RainforestLayers of a RainforestEmergent Layer – tallest trees (60-70m tall), grow and emerge in the direct sunlight.

Canopy – trees >30m tall, form dense layer that absorbs 95% of sunlightUnderstory – trees and shrubs adapted to grow in shady areas. < 3.5 m tall

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Tropical RainforestThreats: Exotic pet tradingHabitat Destruction -

Timber production (mostly for export and fuel) -Slash-and-burn

practices– for agriculture and cattle ranchesDeforestation for palm oil production in Malaysian Borneo.Logging operations and development of roads pose a big threat to tiger habitat

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Tropical SavannaGrasslands with a few scattered treesExperience a wet and dry season

Hot temperaturesAnnual rainfall is between 50 and 127 cm

More species of grazing mammals than any other biome

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SavannasLocation:Africa, western India, Northern Australia & a few parts of South AmericaFound in tropical to subtropical areas near equator between tropical rainforests & desert biomes.

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/images/savanna_location_map.gif

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DesertTypically found between 25o and 40o latitudeReceives > 25

cm of rain each yearTemperatures can be hot or cold - typically range between 20o

C and 25oC but some extreme deserts can reach temperatures higher than 38oC and lower than –15oC

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DesertHot Desert = Arizona’s Sonoran DesertCold Desert = Gobi Desert in China, Great Basin in western US.

Often located near large mountain ranges Rain shadow – An area having relatively little precipitation due to the effect of a barrier, such as a mountain range, that causes the prevailing winds to lose their moisture before reaching it.

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Rain Shadow

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ChaparralFound between 32o and 40o latitude on the west coast of continents

Fairly dry - Receives between 35 and 70 cm of rain, usually in the winter

Extremely resistant to drought and weather events

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GrasslandBecause of the dry climate, trees are found only near water sources such as streamsUsually receives between 50 and 90 cm of rainfall each year

warm or cold - Summer temperatures can reach up to 38oC and winter temperatures can fall to

–40oCConsidered to be the “bread baskets of the world”

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Temperate GrasslandsOther names:Prairies in North America, steppes of Russia and Ukraine, pampas

of South America

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Temperate GrasslandsThreats:Farming and overgrazing have changed grasslandsGrain crops can’t hold the soil in place like native grasses, so the soil is erodingBoth farming and overgrazing may cause this biome to move/change more towards a desert-like biome.

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Temperate Deciduous ForestModerate climate - Temperatures range between –30oC and 30oC

Most trees will lose their leaves in the winterModerate Precipitation - Averages from 75 to 150 cm of precipitation

Well developed understory

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Temperate Deciduous ForestDeciduous – trees with broad leaves that fall during the winter season.Layers of the Forest:Canopy: tall trees (maples, oak, birch)

Understory : small trees & shrubsFloor: ferns, herbs, mosses

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Temperate Boreal Forest/TaigaAKA TaigaTypically found between 45o and 60

o North latitudeCold climate in winter

(40 – 100 cm snow annually), with summer warm, rainy, and humidVery few reptilesLimited understory - A lot of coniferous trees Snow is primary form of precipitation (40 – 100 cm annually)

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TundraMeans treeless or marshy plainCharacterized by permafrost – permanently frozen soil starting as high as a few centimeters below the surface – which severely limits plant growthWinter temperatures (low) average –34

oC while summer temperatures usually average below 10oCLow precipitation (15–25 cm per year) but ground is usually wet because of low evaporation

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TundraPermafrost = permanently frozen soil (that lies underneath the topsoil)

U.S. Global Change Research Program (2009)

.Sinking land can damage buildings and infrastructure such as roads, airports, and water and sewer pipes. It also affects ecosystems

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TundraThreats:Fragile biome has a simple food chain, so it can be easily disruptedOil/natural gas explorations

airborne pollutants, such as DDT and PCB's

http://opinionhead.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/oil-rig-exploration-tundra.jpghttp://i.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/archive/01377/bp_1377049c.jpg