PDF-(BOOK)-The History and Geography of Human Genes

L Luca CavalliSforza and his collaborators Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza have devoted fourteen years to one of the most compelling scientific projects of our time the reconstruction of where human populations originated and the paths by which they spread throughout the world In this volume the culmination of their research the authors explain their pathbreaking use of genetic data which they integrate with insights from geography ecology archaeology physical anthropology and linguistics to create the first fullscale account of human evolution as it occurred across all continents This interdisciplinary approach enables them to address a wide range of issues that continue to incite debate the timing of the first appearance of our species the problem of African origins and the significance of work recently done on mitochondrial DNA and the popular notion of an African Eve the controversy pertaining to the peopling of the Americas and the reason for the presence of nonIndoEuropean languagesBasque Finnish and Hungarianin EuropeThe authors reconstruct the history of our evolution by focusing on genetic divergence among human groups Using genetic information accumulated over the last fifty years they examined over 110 different inherited traits such as blood types HLA factors proteins and DNA markers in over eighteen hundred primarily aboriginal populations By mapping the worldwide geographic distribution of the genes the scientists are now able to chart migrations and in exploring genetic distance devise a clock by which to date evolutionary history the longer two populations are separated the greater their genetic difference should be This volume highlights the authors contributions to genetic geography particularly their technique for making geographic maps of gene frequencies and their synthetic method of detecting ancient migrations as for example the migration of Neolithic farmers from the Middle East toward Europe West Asia and North AfricaBeginning with an explanation of their major sources of data and concepts the authors give an interdisciplinary account of human evolution at the world level Chapters are then devoted to evolution on single continents and include analyses of genetic data and how these data relate to geographic ecological archaeological anthropological and linguistic information Comprising a wide range of viewpoints a vast store of new and recent information on genetics and a generous supply of visual elements including 522 geographic maps this book is a unique source of facts and a catalyst for further debate and research. Why do scholars study the people, events, and ideas of long ago?. Section 1. History is the study of the past.. We can improve our understanding of people’s actions and beliefs through the study of history. “The Queen of Social Sciences”. Dream big…. As a young man my fondest dream was to become a geographer. However, while working in the customs office I thought deeply about the matter and concluded that it was far too difficult a subject. With some reluctance, I then turned to physics as a substitute.. From classical genetics to the personal human genome. Classical Genetics:. Gregor. Mendel (1860). Discovered the classical laws of inheritance through his work with pea plants. Mendel’s work . remained unknown. APHUG | BHS | Ms. Justice. Mumbai, India. Key . Question 1.5. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. . What are geographic concepts, and how are they used in answering geographic questions?. Studying History. What is history?. Why do we study it?. Why is archaeology important to the study of history?. Historian:. . people who . study and write. about the human past. Archaeologist:. . people who hunt for . “What kids need more than anything is not to win or lose but a close race, a fair competition where everyone feels like they’ve got a fighting chance. ,”. Nicolas Valdes, presenter. There is no doubt that . APHUG | BHS | Ms. Justice. Mumbai, India. Key Questions: Chapter 1. 1.1 What is human geography? . 1.2 What are geographic questions?. 1.3 Why do geographers use maps, and . . what do maps tell us?. GEOGRAPHY HANDBOOK GEOGRAPHY HANDBOOK Objectives : The student will . . . 1. E xamine the five themes of geography. 2. Explore how they aid geographic observation and analysis 3. Identify some ways in which the geography of the United Seminar. in . geography. Presentation. No. . 2. Mgr. Soňa Patočková. SOŠ a Gymnázium Staré Město. 2011. 1. Content. What. . is. . geography. ?. Definition. . of. . geography. History. . L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza and his collaborators Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza have devoted fourteen years to one of the most compelling scientific projects of our time: the reconstruction of where human populations originated and the paths by which they spread throughout the world. In this volume, the culmination of their research, the authors explain their pathbreaking use of genetic data, which they integrate with insights from geography, ecology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and linguistics to create the first full-scale account of human evolution as it occurred across all continents. This interdisciplinary approach enables them to address a wide range of issues that continue to incite debate: the timing of the first appearance of our species, the problem of African origins and the significance of work recently done on mitochondrial DNA and the popular notion of an African Eve, the controversy pertaining to the peopling of the Americas, and the reason for the presence of non-Indo-European languages--Basque, Finnish, and Hungarian--in Europe.The authors reconstruct the history of our evolution by focusing on genetic divergence among human groups. Using genetic information accumulated over the last fifty years, they examined over 110 different inherited traits, such as blood types, HLA factors, proteins, and DNA markers, in over eighteen hundred, primarily aboriginal, populations. By mapping the worldwide geographic distribution of the genes, the scientists are now able to chart migrations and, in exploring genetic distance, devise a clock by which to date evolutionary history: the longer two populations are separated, the greater their genetic difference should be. This volume highlights the authors\' contributions to genetic geography, particularly their technique for making geographic maps of gene frequencies and their synthetic method of detecting ancient migrations, as for example the migration of Neolithic farmers from the Middle East toward Europe, West Asia, and North Africa.Beginning with an explanation of their major sources of data and concepts, the authors give an interdisciplinary account of human evolution at the world level. Chapters are then devoted to evolution on single continents and include analyses of genetic data and how these data relate to geographic, ecological, archaeological, anthropological, and linguistic information. Comprising a wide range of viewpoints, a vast store of new and recent information on genetics, and a generous supply of visual elements, including 522 geographic maps, this book is a unique source of facts and a catalyst for further debate and research. Drawing on startling new evidence from the mapping of the genome, an explosive new account of the genetic basis of race and its role in the human story Fewer ideas have been more toxic or harmful than the idea of the biological reality of race, and with it the idea that humans of different races are biologically different from one another. For this understandable reason, the idea has been banished from polite academic conversation. Arguing that race is more than just a social construct can get a scholar run out of town, or at least off campus, on a rail. Human evolution, the consensus view insists, ended in prehistory.Inconveniently, as Nicholas Wade argues in A Troublesome Inheritance, the consensus view cannot be right. And in fact, we know that populations have changed in the past few thousand years—to be lactose tolerant, for example, and to survive at high altitudes. Race is not a bright-line distinction by definition it means that the more human populations are kept apart, the more they evolve their own distinct traits under the selective pressure known as Darwinian evolution. For many thousands of years, most human populations stayed where they were and grew distinct, not just in outward appearance but in deeper senses as well.Wade, the longtime journalist covering genetic advances for The New York Times, draws widely on the work of scientists who have made crucial breakthroughs in establishing the reality of recent human evolution. The most provocative claims in this book involve the genetic basis of human social habits. What we might call middle-class social traits—thrift, docility, nonviolence—have been slowly but surely inculcated genetically within agrarian societies, Wade argues. These “values” obviously had a strong cultural component, but Wade points to evidence that agrarian societies evolved away from hunter-gatherer societies in some crucial respects. Also controversial are his findings regarding the genetic basis of traits we associate with intelligence, such as literacy and numeracy, in certain ethnic populations, including the Chinese and Ashkenazi Jews.Wade believes deeply in the fundamental equality of all human peoples. He also believes that science is best served by pursuing the truth without fear, and if his mission to arrive at a coherent summa of what the new genetic science does and does not tell us about race and human history leads straight into a minefield, then so be it. This will not be the last word on the subject, but it will begin a powerful and overdue conversation. In a journey across four continents, acclaimed science writer Steve Olson traces the origins of modern humans and the migrations of our ancestors throughout the world over the past 150,000 years. Like Jared Diamond\'s Guns, Germs and Steel, Mapping Human History is a groundbreaking synthesis of science and history. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including the latest genetic research, linguistic evidence, and archaeological findings, Olson reveals the surprising unity among modern humans and demonstrates just how naive some of our ideas about our human ancestry have been (Discover).Olson offers a genealogy of all humanity, explaining, for instance, why everyone can claim Julius Caesar and Confucius as forebears. Olson also provides startling new perspectives on the invention of agriculture, the peopling of the Americas, the origins of language, the history of the Jews, and more. An engaging and lucid account, Mapping Human History will forever change how we think about ourselves and our relations with others. The rise of the multi-billion dollar ancestry testing industry points to one immutable truth about us as human beings: we want to know where we come from and who our ancestors were. John H. Relethford and Deborah A. Bolnick explore this topic and many more in this second edition of Reflections of Our Past.Where did modern humans come from and how important are the biological differences among us? Are we descended from Neandertals? How should we understand the connections between genetic ancestry, race, and identity? Were Native Americans the first settlers of the Americas? Can we see even in the Irish of today evidence of Viking invasions of a millennium ago? Through engaging examination of issues such as these, and using non-technical language, Reflections of Our Pastshows how anthropologists use genetic information to suggest answers to fundamental questions about human history. By looking at genetic variation in the world today and in the past, we can reconstruct the recent and remote events and processes that have created the variation we see, providing a fascinating reflection of our genetic past. --- Greek word. Geo + . Graphy. --- English word. Which means-Earth+ Description. Simply we can say description of the earth. Or. Literally to write about something. Who coined the term Geography. A Greek scholar, Mathematician and astronomer .