FROM http designtaxicom Presented at the Regional Workshop on MAINSTREAMING AFRICA BIOENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES Organised by African Union and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ID: 933590
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Presented at the Regional Workshop onMAINSTREAMING AFRICA BIOENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINESOrganised by African Union and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa16 – 18 September, Nairobi, KENYA
Bioenergy Platforms and Technologies
ByProf. Thomson Sinkalatsinkala@gmail.com CHAIRMAN, Biofuels Association of Zambia
A powerful bioenergy feedstock from our body
Slide2CONTENTS
Bioenergy production technologiesResearch, development, demonstration and deploymentInstitutional and technical capacity developmentConclusions
Slide3BIOENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
3
Slide4Fuel wood
CharcoalAgricultural wasteWood pellets
BiogasBioethanol (equivalent of gasoline) Biodiesel (equivalent of diesel), and
Bioelectricity
GENERAL ORGANISATION OF TECHNOLOGIES
Slide5A burden to carry
Easy to harvest
Strenuous to harvest
Easy to transport
A lot in store, few trips
Little in store, many trips
Clean cooking stove
Unhealthy cooking
Examples of Firewood Production Technologies and Use
Slide6Examples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and Use
Slide7Litter
Drying
Heaping
Cooking
Example of Agricultural Waste for Cooking
Slide8Examples of Wood Pellet Processing
Slide9Cost structure of charcoal Blantyre and Lilongwe
FROM:
Kambewa P. etal. 2007. Charcoal: the reality - A study of charcoal consumption, trade and production in Malawi.
pubs.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/13544IIED.pdf.
Based on the Malawi study, charcoal costs
6.0 to 10 US$/40 Kg bag (Malawi), or US$2,700/Ha for 15 tons of wood cleared.
Pellets from wood shavings cost about
3.0 to 5 US$/40 Kg bag (Zambia, personal communications with Dr. Per
Lofberg
of
Vagga
till
Vagga
AB of Sweden)
Energy efficiency of selected cooking fuels
Economics between charcoal and wood pellets
Slide10(FROM:
http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)
Example of Biogas Production
Slide11Agro/Bioenergy Production Synergies
(FROM:
biogas.ifas.ufl.edu
)
Slide12(FROM:
http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl
=)Electricity Production from Biogas
Slide1313
Biogas bus
(
Swede
n)
Biogas fridge
Biogas
cookstove
Biogas generator
(
Alibaba
)
Biogas lamp
Biogas motorbike
(
www.inforse.org
)
Biogas
truck
BIOGAS
(One Stop Gas)
Biogas train
(
www.metaefficient.com
)
Biogas car
(
oneighturbo.com
)
Biogas Market
Slide14Examples of Bioethanol
Feedstocks
+ Grass and Wood
Slide15ITEM
SUGARCANE
SWEET SORGHUM
CASSAVA
AGAVE Americana
SUGAR BEET
Feedstock unit cost
0.3810.384
0.15 – 0.47
0.512
0.15 to 0.29
Yield, (Metric Tons/Ha)
110
20 - 100
12 - 40
80
60 to 80
Yield, (
Litres
/Metric Ton), fresh roots.
80
45
170
125
110
Yield, (
Litres
/Ha/Harvest)
8,800
900 – 4,500
2,000 - 6,000
3,600 - 12,000
4,800 – 10,000
Water Requirement, (mm/crop)
1500 - 2500
450 to 700
400 - 750
500
600
Fertiliser
Requirement, (Kg/Ha)
300 basal & 250 kg urea
N 75-150
P 30-60,
K 60-120.
NPK N20:P10:K10, 9 (50 kg) bags
(if necessary)
150 – 350 Kg Urea
(if necessary)
Gestation Period, (months)
12 - 14
4 – 4.3
12 - 16
60 - 72
5 - 6
Rotation Crops
Maize, sorghum, vegetables, legumes, rubber, oil palm, tropical sugarbeet (Gokhale, 2010).
Corn, sorghum, vegetables, cassava (Gokhale, 2010)
Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification
Food, Feed, Fiber,
Biogas, Electricity
, Fertilizer
Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer
Food, Feeds, Fiber, Biogas, Starch, Electricity,
Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer
Biogas,
Electricity
Remarks
Can be stored as molasses.
Harvested
and processed
s
within a
month
.
Stored
as molasses.
10,000 – 15,000 plants per hectare, 80cm – 100cm spacing and rows. Can be processed from fresh roots or dry.
Extensive experience in Mexico, but also Australia and USA recently.
Must process fresh roots
Bioethanol Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)
Slide16Bioethanol, bioelectricity and fertiliser
(FROM:
http://www.sseassociation.org/Publications/feasibilitystudyofsweetsorghum.pdf)
Slide1717
Liquefaction module
Fermentation module
Distillation module
Dehydration module
E.g.
Mansego
Modular Bioethanol Refinery
Can
be commissioned within 5 - 8 months.
No need for large start-up capital.
Can process multiple
feedstocks
.
Minimum
500,000
L/year
(1,670
L/day) bioethanol.
Minimum
360,000
L/year
(1,000
L/day) biodiesel.
Modular
Biorefineries
and their Importance
Slide1818
Bioethanol Market
Bioethanol bus
Bioethanol fridge
Bioethanol
cookstove
Flexi fuel generator
Bioethanol lantern
Flexi fuel motorbike
Bioethanol truck
Eg
. BIOETHANOL
A One-Stop Fuel
Flexi fuel plane
Flexi fuel car
Slide19Examples of Biodiesel
Feedstocks
Animal Fat, Waste Cooking Oil, Algae and Wood
+
Slide20ITEM
SOY
PALM
JATROPHA
MORINGA
CASTOR
SUN FLOWER
Feedstock unit cost, US$/Litre0.429
0.426
0.459
0.290
0.562
0.698
Yield, (Metric Tons /Ha)
3.5
15.8
6.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton)
196
230
300
400
489
398
Yield, (Litres/Ha)
686
4,803
1,800
1,200
489
796
Water Requirement, mm
450 - 700
3 – 5mm per day during hot-dry season
500 - 600
250 – 3000
500-600
600 -1000
Fertilizers Requirement, (Per Ha)
250 Basal, 100 Urea
N170-230, P70-90, K220-310 per Year
2.5 t Manure
Appropriate amount of manure, when and if necessary
N40,P40, K20
200 Basal, 150 Urea.
Gestation Period, (months)
4.5 to 5
24 – 30
24 - 36
12 - 24
4 - 6
4.2 to 4.5
Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification
Food, Feed
Food, Electricity, Fodder, Building, Furniture
Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer
Food, Feed,
Biogas, Electricity
, Fertilizer,
Etc
Fertilizer, Biogas
Food, Feed, Biogas
Remarks
Currently experiencing high prices in the food market.
When efficient, ONE worker can harvest 10-hectare (Fact Foundation, 2010)
There is presently no “Cook Book” to give definite yields. Yields are currently location specific.
Among the world’s most useful plants.
A very important oil in high-tech industry as a lubricant.
Biodiesel Feedstock Characteristics
(
Costs are for Zambia
)
Slide21Biodiesel Processing
Slide22Biomass for Electricity G
eneration in Biodiesel Processing
(SOURCE: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bCNdcYdqloQ/S9jg4-iNsFI/AAAAAAAAAMA/E7jJT3RVEfQ/s1600/palmtree-biomass.jpg
)
Slide23(SOURCE: http://www.mpoweruk.com/biofuels.htm)
Electricity Generation from Biomass
Slide24Range in recent
levelized cost of energy for selected
commercially available renewable-energy technologies
24FROM:
www.unep.org/greeneconomy
Slide25RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT
25
Slide2626
Bioenergy
Value Chain
1.
PRELIMINARY
ACTIVITIES
2.
PRODUCTION INFRASTRUCTURE
3.
FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION and TRADE
4.
BIOFUELS PROCESSING
5
.
BIOFUELS
TECHNICAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES
OTHER SERVICES
Business Plans
Sourcing funds
Land acquisitions / lease contracts
Impact assessments
Obtaining permits and
licences
Securing markets
Setting-up
of bioenergy industry governance
Technology assessments
Etc
Drilling boreholes
Building dams and canals
Assessing soils
Building access roads and bridges
Building houses and offices
Building processing plants
Etc
,.
Land clearance
Land preparations
Nurseries
Plantation development
Plantation management
Weed and pest control
Feedstock harvesting
Feedstock trading
Etc.
Cassava peeling, chipping and drying
Seed cleaning and packaging
Oil extraction
Molasses production
Processing
and refining of
biofuels
Byproducts production.
Biofuels
transportation
Byproduct transportation
Biofuels
blending
Biofuels
transportation
Engine conversion
Importation of
biofuels
compliant vehicles and appliances
Manufacturing of inputs and processing plants for the
biofuels
value chain
Biofuels
R&D
Training in
biofuels
industry
Biofuels
quality control assessments
Biofuels plant
repair
Development of appropriate
cookstoves
Etc
.
Education
Health
Recreation
Etc
Activities
include
identifying and addressing the challenges
for sustainable bioenergy production through
good industry governance
,
field
trials,
applied research,
capacity building,
modeling
and
analysis.
Slide27Feedstock for Wood, Charcoal and Pellets
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH AREAS
Fast-growing and water-efficient forest plantsSustainable wood harvestEfficient/cost-effective forest managementIncorruptible forestry governance and licensing
Slide28(FROM:
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)
Cookstoves
Slide29General Research
, Development, Demonstration and Deployment
FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY
Identify sustainable, high-quality feedstock supply and quantify risk
Baseline sustainable regional feedstock productivityDevelop commercial-scale supply systems
CONVERSION
Reduce costs/improve quality of intermediatesReduce enzyme costs
Develop fermentation organismsEnable high performance separations technologies
Improve catalyst performance–
cleanup
/ conditioning
and
fuel synthesis
Maximize carbon utilization
Optimize reactor performance
DEMONSTRATION & DEPLOYMENT
Validate
biorefinery
operations
Establish pioneer plants
Support advanced biofuels compatibility testing
Support
biopower
demonstration and deployment
Cross-cutting areas
SUSTAINABILITY
Assess
effects across full supply chain
Establish baselines and targets for improving sustainability
Develop best practices
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
Define
and validate technology performance targets
Guide program planning
Assess progress
STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS
Increase
awareness of accomplishments
Communicate new technology strategies
Educate stakeholders on environmental and oil-displacement benefits
(FROM:
http://
apps1.eere.energy.gov
)
Slide30Feedstock Supply and Logistics
Feedstock constitutes about 70% of final bioenergy product.Providing biomass
for conversion into biofuels represents an economic opportunity for communities across Africa. This requires developing the technologies and systems needed to sustainably and economically deliver a broad range of biomass in formats that enable efficient use in biorefineries.
Slide31Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued)
The diverse biomass transformed by these technologies and systems must be consistent, quality-controlled
commodity products that can be efficiently handled, stored, and transported to biorefineries for processing. This work requires a complementary focus on feedstock supply interfaces and logistics, as follows (http://
apps1.eere.energy.gov).
• Interfaces: To develop compatibility at interfaces with commercial-scale handling equipment and conversion processes, R&D should explore biomass specifications and characteristics, the effects of various handling techniques, and the resulting impacts on conversion performance.
•
Logistics: R&D is required for systems for harvesting, collecting, preprocessing, storing, and transporting diverse forms of biomass more
efficiently. Therefore it is important to also research and develop equipment and systems to improve biomass quality, reduce costs, and increase
productivity.
Slide32INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
32
Slide33INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Government
Policies, regulations and standardsGovernanceInformation on value for investment (e.g. balance sheet approach) Etc
Industry
FeedstocksTechnologiesProduction efficiencies
Etc
Slide34Public / consumers
Consumer informationValue chain information
ProductsStandardsEtc
Universities / Educational Institutions
Mainstreaming bioenergy in curriculaResearch, development and demonstrationEtc
Slide35NGOs
Community needs and informationBioenergy industry participatory methodsCommunity resource management
Land rightsGender issuesEtcRECs
Identifying and providing info on best practices in bioenergy developmentCapacity building in cross-border bioenergy issues
Etc
Slide36CONCLUSIONS
36
Slide3737
Africa has resources (material and human), but lacks productive
action.
Available technologies can be used to establish a vibrant bioenergy industry in Africa.
Bioenergy is (probably) the only industry that can benefit all on sustainable basis.
Economic empowerment from bioenergy industry, if well organised, can reduce conflicts and save the environment.
Slide38Thank you for your attention