Unit 4 Notebook Set-Up On the next clean page, write “Unit 4 Written Responses” - PowerPoint Presentation

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Unit 4 Notebook Set-Up

On the next clean page, write “Unit 4 Written Responses”

You will need a front and back of a page for written responses

On the next clean page, write “Unit 4 Notes and Handouts”

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Written Response #1

Determine if the following statements are true or false

.

Genes are traits.

Some organisms do not have DNA.Information in the DNA of a plant or animal does not affect behavior.DNA is made up of amino acids.Chromosomes are made up of DNA.

Information in DNA affects the physical characteristics of an organism.

The code of DNA is determined by the order of the nucleotides.

There are 20 types of nucleotides.

Different cell types in an organism have different DNA.

Proteins are made up of DNA.

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Written Response #1: Answers

Genes are traits.

False. Genes determine traits and traits are what we see.

Some organisms do not have DNA.

False. All “living organisms” contain DNAInformation in the DNA of a plant or animal does not affect behavior.False. Innate (natural) behavior is controlled by genetics and is passed to offspring. Ex: birds nestingDNA is made up of amino acids.False. DNA is made up of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base.Chromosomes are made up of DNA.True

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Written Response #1: Answers

Information in DNA affects the physical characteristics of an organism.

True

The code of DNA is determined by the order of the nucleotides.

TrueThere are 20 types of nucleotides.False. Amino acidsDifferent cell types in an organism have different DNA.False. Location of DNA is different (nucleus or cytoplasm)Proteins are made up of DNA.False. DNA determines protein.

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What is DNA?

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is one of two nucleic acids found in the cell.

RNA or Ribonucleic acid is the other genetic material.

DNA is the blueprint for life.

Everything in the body uses DNA to make protein which determines traits.DNA is packaged in chromosomes.Each chromosome is composed of one continuous DNA molecule.DNA in chromosome form is wrapped around proteins and tightly packed.Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.Prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome free-floating in the cytoplasm (Plasmids).DNA provides the material that lead to protein synthesis.

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Introduction to DNA

Heredity:

the passing of traits from parent to offspring.

How are those traits passed?

Scientist determined that chromosomes controlled heredity and are made of DNA and proteins.DNA was the chemical that controlled characteristics (traits).The race was on to reveal the chemical structure of the DNA molecule.

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Intro to DNA

History of DNA

In the early 1900s, scientists had discovered the following information about DNA:

It is a nucleic acid

It is made of 4 nucleotide bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and GuanineIn any cell: adenine always paired with thymine (A with T); cytosine always paired with guanine (C with G)

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Written Response #2:

DNA Structure History

During the video, write the contributions of the following individuals:

Erwin Chargaff

Rosalind FranklinMaurice WilkinsJames WatsonFrancis Crick

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Intro to DNA

Rosalind Franklin (1950s)

Studied DNA using x-ray diffraction

Investigated the shape and structure of DNAPhoto 51: x-ray image that showed the shape of the DNA molecule

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Photo 51

X-ray diffraction image of DNA

1952: Maurice Wilkins showed the picture of Photo 51 to James Watson without Franklin’s approval or knowledge.

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Intro to DNA

Watson and Crick (1953)

Were credited with discovering the double helix shape after examining Photo 51.

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Have Your DNA and Eat it Too - Activity

You will complete one model per partner pair.

Each of you will complete the worksheet that goes with the activity.

Raise your hand when you have completed the activity and I will come check you off for completion. Only after you have been checked off may you eat your materials

Glue/tape the worksheet into your notebook making sure the stamp is visible.

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Intro to DNA

DNA and Life:

All living things have DNA. Even some non-living things (viruses)

DNA condenses into chromosomes just before cell division

Creates packages of genetic material (containing certain genes)Normal humans have 46 total chromosomesGive the detailed information about all of our traits

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Intro to DNA

Written Response #3: Draw and label a nucleotide.

That information is given through a series of nucleotides that compose the molecule

Nucleotides are monomers that make up DNA and RNA:

Consist of 3 parts:5-Carbon SugarPhosphate groupNitrogen base

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Written Response #4: Do all of your cells have the same DNA? Explain your answer.

DNA is needed in each cell to make necessary proteins

Because DNA is so important, when a cell divides, it must pass on an exact copy of the DNA to function correctly.

Therefore, DNA is copied (replicated) during the S phase of the cell cycle (part of interphase before mitosis/meiosis).

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Structure

DNA goes through 3 very important processes to code for traits in all cells

DNA replication

Transcription

Translation

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Intro to DNA

DNA Replication

The DNA molecule’s most crucial task is to provide the information necessary to lead to the production of proteins

Must make EXACT copies!

Why? All cells need the same copy of DNA when they divideThis process is called DNA replication

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Intro to DNA

Steps of DNA Replication:

Unzipping: enzymes (DNA helicase) break apart the weak hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together in the middle of the strand

New nucleotides are added to each side of the original strand by the base pairing rule (this happens in the middle of the unzipped strand)

Process continues until 2 molecules of DNA are formedEach has 1 original DNA strand and 1 new strandCalled semi-conservative replication (some old DNA and some new DNA)

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Written Response

#4:

Draw and label a diagram

that represents each of the steps of DNA replication.

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Nitrogenous Bases

Single Ringed Bases (

Pyrimidines):

Thymine (T)Cytosine (C)

Double Ringed Bases (Purines):Adenine (A)Guanine (G)

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Structure

Nucleotides are linked together to form DNA molecules

Twist in double helix joined by weak hydrogen bonds

Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate compose the backbone of the ladder

Nitrogen base pairs compose the steps of the ladderAdenine pairs with ThymineGuanine pairs with Cytosine

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Structure

Written Response

#5:

Draw and label a nucleotide that contains the base cytosine.

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Functions of DNA Foldable

Work with your table partner to create a 6-fold foldable like the image to the right.

Cut the foldable in half to share with your table partner.

Label each fold with the following headers:

Functions of DNA FoldableNucleotideDNAGenesChromosomes KaryotypeFor each of the terms above, underneath the flap, complete the following:

Draw a picture to represent the term

Give a description of the item

Its purpose.

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Functions of DNA Foldable

For the remaining slides, do NOT copy the information word for word. ONLY add information to your foldable that you do not already have.

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Function

Nucleotide

Description: Repeating subunits that compose DNA or RNA; made of a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base and a phosphate group.

Purpose: Compose DNA, the sequence of bases determines genetic code of an individual

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Function

DNA

Description: Deoxyribonucleic acid, double stranded with bases (A, T, G, C); contains all the necessary information for life

Purpose: Compose genes, provide info for protein synthesis

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Function

Genes

Description: Segments of DNA that code for a specific trait; located on a chromosome

Purpose: Compose chromosomes, code for traits

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Function

Chromosome

Description: Packages of genetic material; every normal human has 46

Purpose: Each contains specific genes, 23 pairs (one from each parent per pair

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Function

Karyotype

Description: A picture of the chromosomes in an individual’s body in order of their homologous pairs (23 pairs in human body cells)

Purpose: Display gender of chromosomal abnormalities

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DNA vs. RNA

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

Sugar: deoxyribose

Shape: Double stranded

Location: nucleusBases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanineTypes: DNARNA: ribonucleic acidSugar: riboseShape: single-strandedLocation: nucleus, cytoplasmBases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanineTypes:

mRNA (messenger RNA): carries genetic code from nucleus

rRNA

(ribosomal RNA): makes up ribosomes

tRNA

(transfer RNA): contains a specific amino acid

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Written Response #6

How is DNA connected to your traits?

DNA determines your traits.

What large structure is composed of DNA?

A chromosomeWhat two parts of the nucleotide make up the sides (backbones) of a DNA molecule?Sugar and phosphate (alternating)What makes up one rung “step” of the DNA “ladder”?Two nitrogen bases (A and T or C and G)What type of bond holds the rungs (bases) together?

Weak hydrogen bonds

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Making a Model of DNA Activity

With your table partner:

Color ALL pieces according to the key on the handout.

Cut out each structure.

In one person’s notebook, assemble the DNA molecule according to the directions on the sheet.After completing the previous step, in the other person’s notebook, assemble the same DNA molecule to demonstrate DNA replication.Answer the following questions in your notebook:When constructing the DNA molecule, what did you notice about the orientation of the two strands?Define replication.

What DNA strand would bond opposite to the strand below?

How does DNA of yellow perch differ from human DNA?

Would yellow perch DNA be closer to walleye DNA or deer DNA? Why?