Organ Systems Human vs. Other Vertebrate Organ Systems - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Organ Systems

Human vs. Other Vertebrate Organ Systems

How do you think Human organ systems differ from animal organ systems?

How are many organ systems alike?

How might they be different?

What all is defined as a organ system?

Slide2

Organ Systems

A

n organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task

Slide3

Types of Organ Systems

Circulatory

Respiratory

Skeletal

DigestiveExcretoryReproductive

Nervous

Endocrine

IntegumentaryMuscular

Slide4

What makes up an Organ System?

Living things are made of

cells

Cells

are organized together to make tissues

Tissues

are organized together to make

organs

Organs

are organized together to make

organ systems

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Organ Systems

Select an Organ System to L

earn More!

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Part I: The Circulatory System

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Circulatory System

The Function of the

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

is to:

transport 

blood

 through the heart, blood vessels and lungs.

Helps

move digested nutrients, oxygen, waste, and other materials around the body

.

Slide8

Circulatory System

YOU have about

5 liters

of

blood continually traveling through your body?

The circulatory

system has 3 parts:

1- systemic

2- coronary

3- pulmonary

DID YOU KNOW?

Slide9

Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary Circulation the movement of blood from the heart to the

lungs

and back to the heart again!

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Pulmonary Circulation

Take a breath in. What did you just inhale into your lungs?

Breathe out. What did you just exhale from your lungs?

The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place in the

lung capillaries

.

Slide11

Systemic Circulation

Systemic Circulation supplies blood to all of the tissues located throughout the rest of

the body

.

Blood vessels are responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue.

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Coronary Circulation

Coronary Circulation

is the movement of blood through the tissues of the

heart

.The heart is constantly sending out nutrients to other parts of the body. The purpose of the coronary system is to supply nutrients back to the heart!

Slide13

Pump It Up!

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Amphibians

have two circulatory routes

(double circulation)

.

Blood is pumped from a three-chambered

heart with two atria and a single ventricle

.

Blood is oxygenated through the

lungs

and

skinOxygenated blood is taken to rest of the body.

Circulatory System

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Reptiles

have two circulatory routes

(double circulation)

.

Blood is only oxygenated

through the

lungs

. Three chambered heart with the

ventricles

partially

separated

so some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

occurs.

Circulatory System

Slide16

Fish

have a single systemic

circulatory system.

Blood

flows unidirectionally from the two-chambered heart through the

gills

and then to the rest of the body

Circulatory System

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Part II: The Respiratory System

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Respiration Animation

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Respiratory System

The function of the

respiratory system

is to supply your blood with

oxygen

.

You breathe in

oxygen and your

lungs

give that oxygen to your blood.

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Major Components of the Respiratory System:

Mouth CavityNasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea LungsDiaphragm

Slide21

Respiratory System

The Pathway

Air enters the

nasal

or

mouth cavity

.

Air passes through the

pharynx

and then the larynx.

Then the air goes through the “wind pipe” called the trachea.Then the air goes into the lungs

.

2

1

3

4

5

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Respiratory System

The

diaphragm

is the muscle that powers the respiratory system; this muscle allows your to breathe.As you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and creates a vacuum. This sucks air and oxygen into your lungs. As you breathe out, the diaphragm expands and pushes the carbon dioxide out.

Slide23

Respiratory System

Bronchi

are the two short tubes that carry air to the lungs.

In the lungs, Alveoli are

tiny

, multi lobed

air sacs located at the end of each bronchi. Alveoli

enable air exchange

with the equally thin walled

capillaries of the circulatory system.

Slide24

Respiratory System

Lungs

are the internal respiratory organs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Amphibian Lungs

Mammal Lungs

Bird Lungs

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Gas exchange in

birds happens between air and blood capillaries rather than in alveoli. Birds lack a diaphragm, but have air sacs

.

Bird Respiration

Slide26

Amphibian Respiration

Amphibians’

lungs, lining of mouth, and skin all serve as respiratory organs

Slide27

Fish Respiration

Fish have

gills

instead of lungs

Oxygen is removed from the water

Slide28

Other Unique Respiratory Actions

Reptiles

lack a diaphragm, but gas exchange still happens in the alveoli.

Horses

can only breathe through their noses!Elephants can remain underwater for a long time while using their trunk as a snorkel!

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Part III: The Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System

The functions of the

skeletal system

are: support, protection, movement, storage, and blood production

.

The

skeletal system

consists of

bones, cartilage, ligaments,

and

tendons

.

Slide31

The Skeletal System

Bone

- hard, rigid

connective

tissue making up most of the skeleton, composed chiefly of calcium Provide the

framework

for muscles to attach to allow

movement.

Protect

internal organs

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Outer layer is

compact (hard

)

bone

Very dense and

strong

Inside is

spongy

bone which is like a honeycomb.

Contains

bone marrow

which produces blood cells (red) or fat (yellow).

What’s in a bone?

Slide33

The Skeletal System

Cartilage- tough, elastic connective tissue cushioning

and supporting bones

Much

converted to bone as an organism matures

Slide34

The Skeletal System

Ligaments- tissue that connects bone to boneTendons

- tissue that connects bone to muscle

Slide35

The Skeletal System

Joints - area where two bones are attached

and allow body

parts to move

Slide36

Skeleton Rap!

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Other Types of Skeletal Systems

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Differences in Vertebrates

Bird bones are typically lighter in weight than human bones.

Type of locomotion accounts for many differences in long bone anatomy between species

The tibia and fibula are separated in humans, but are often fused in other species.

Carnivores have larger canine teeth

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Part IV: The Digestive System

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Digestive

SystemThe functions of the

digestive

system

are to breakdown food into nutrients,

absorb

nutrients, and

eliminate waste.There’s about 30 feet of pipework that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus.

Slide41

Digestion Animation

Slide42

Major Components of the Digestive System:

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

LiverPancreasSmall intestineLarge intestineRectum & Anus

Slide43

Digestive System

The Pathway

Food enters the

mouth

where it broken down via chewing and saliva.

Food is pushed through the

esophagus

by

peristalsis

.

The

stomach continues to break down food through muscular contractions and production of acid.

Food (now called

chyme

) then enters the

small intestine

where nutrients are absorbed into the blood by villi.Next, the food goes into the

large intestine where water is absorbed.Lastly, the food exits the body through the anus

.2

13

45

6

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Digestive System

Types of Digestion

Mechanical digestion

-

physical breakdown of food

Chewing and muscular contractions

Chemical

digestion

- chemical

breakdown of food into nutrients small enough to be

absorbed into the blood via

enzymes

Saliva, stomach acid, bile

Slide45

Digestive System

Accessory Organs

Liver

Produces bile

, which breaks down fats

Removes

wastes and toxins from the body

Breaks down nutrients and stores some vitamins and minerals

Slide46

Digestive System

Accessory Organs

Gallbladder

Stores bile

Releases as needed into the small intestine

Slide47

Digestive System

Accessory Organs

Pancreas

Produces

a mix of enzymes

called

pancreatic juice

. Helps neutralize the

acidic

chyme

when it enters the small intestine. Helps to

digest protiens, fats​,

and carbohydrates.

Slide48

Digestive System

Absorption of Nutrients

Occurs primarily in the

small intestine

Inner wall

is covered in

folds with

microscopic finger-like projections called villi Increases surface area and absorption capabilityContain capillaries and lymph vessels (lacteals)

Nutrients enter the capillaries/lacteals by diffusion

Slide49

Absorption of Nutrients

Slide50

Differences in digestive systems

Humans have

monogastric (simple stomach)

digestive systems.Other monogastrics include:CatsDogs

Pigs

Slide51

Differences in digestive

systems

Ruminants

acquire

nutrients from plants by fermenting (via bacteria) them in a specialized stomach (

rumen

)

prior to digestionRequires the fermented ingesta (

cud

)

to be regurgitated and chewed again (

rumination). The ruminant stomach has 4 chambers!

Ruminant Stomach

2

1

3

4

Slide52

Ruminant Animation

Slide53

Part V: The Excretory System

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Excretory System

The function of the

excretory system

is to

remove

excess, unnecessary, and harmful materials from the body

.

The excretory system helps maintain

homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

Slide55

Major organ

Kidney

– bean shaped, fist-sized, paired organ that filters blood removing waste products and excess water

Filtering unit is the

nephron

Kidneys filter

120

to 150 quarts of blood

producing

1

to 2 quarts of urine

People can live with one kidney

Slide56

Excretory System

Blood travels through the

arteries to the

kidneys

to be filtered

The product of filtration is

urine

Urine

travels through

the

ureters

to the bladder. The bladder

expands as more liquid is stored. Urine exits the body through the urethra

.

Slide57

Excretory System Explained

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Accessory Organs

Skin

– secrete some fluids and salts, but role in excretory system is minimal

Lungs

–

excretes carbon dioxide waste

Liver

- detoxifies

and breaks down chemicals,

poisons,

and other

toxins which are then filtered by the kidneys

Slide59

Other Excretory Systems

Insects

have Malpighian tubules,

which are attached to the

gut.

Wastes are removed with feces and water is conserved

Fish

– remove some wastes through

gills

Produce large amounts of dilute urine to prevent continuous uptake of water from the environment

Marine animals

– have specialized eye glands that remove salt

Extremely efficient kidneys prevent excess water loss

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Part VI: The Reproductive System

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Reproductive System

All living things reproduce.

Reproduction is the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process.

Reproduction is essential to keeping species alive.

Slide62

Reproduction

Both the female and male reproductive systems are needed. The female needs a male to fertilize her egg or nothing would happen!

In the human reproduction process we have two kinds of sex cells that are involved:

The

male gamete or

sperm

The

female gamete or

egg

Humans, like other organisms, pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation

Slide63

Male Reproductive System

Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the body, the male has reproductive organs that are

both inside and outside of the body

.

The male genitals include:The Testes The Duct System

The Accessory Glands

The Penis

Genitals

:

external organs of reproduction

Slide64

So, what does the male reproductive system do?

Males cannot reproduce until they have reached puberty

When puberty begins, around the ages of 10-16, the pituitary gland secretes hormones to stimulate testosterone.

the endocrine System produces the hormones!

Slide65

Male Reproduction

Once a male does reach puberty, he will produce millions of sperm cells every day.Each sperm is about 1/600 of an inch

The head of the sperm is what contains the genetic materials.

Slide66

Female Reproductive System

Female sex organs are located

entirely within the body

.

The female genitals include:

Vagina

Cervix

Uterus

Fallopian Tubes

Ovaries

Slide67

Female Reproductive System

The

vagina

serves three main purposes

:

The vagina is used for

sexual intercourse

It is the pathway that a infant takes when coming out of a woman's body, called the birth canal

It provides a route for

menstrual blood to leave

the body

Slide68

Female Reproductive Cycle

When a girl is born, her ovaries contain

hundreds of thousands of eggs

which remain inactive until puberty begins. At puberty, the body starts making hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce female sex hormones, including

estrogen

.

Near the end of puberty, girls begin to release eggs as part of the

monthly menstrual cycle.

Slide69

What is Fertilization?

When the

egg

and

sperm meet, fertilization can occur. It only takes one sperm to fertilize the

egg

.

Did you know??

about after 8 weeks of fertilization the embryo (YOU!) is about the size of a thumb.

Fertilization is the union of a egg and a sperm

Slide70

Fertilization

External

Fertilization is used by many aquatic vertebrates.

This is where eggs and sperms are shed into the water and the sperm swims through the water to fertilize the egg

Internal

Fertilization is where eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of the female.

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Part VII: The Nervous System

Slide72

Nervous System

The function of the

nervous system

is to

coordinate the actions of an animal.

This organ system contains a

network

of specialized cells called neurons

In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Slide73

Central Nervous System

Contains the brain

and

spinal cord Body’s control center Processes sensory inputMaintains homeostasisHigher functions: language, emotions, memories, creativity, personality

Slide74

Peripheral Nervous System

Consists of

cranial

and

spinal nerves Divided into Somatic and Autonomic

Somatic – voluntary actions (skeletal muscles)

Autonomic – involuntary actions (respiration, digestion, circulation, etc…)

Slide75



Dendrites bring information to

the cell body



Axons

take information

away from the cell body

Information from one neuron flows to another neuron

across

a synapse

Neurons

NEURON

Slide76

Neuron Types

Sensory

receives and sends signals to central nervous system (CNS)

Motor

sends signals to effectors (muscles & glands) causes reactionInterneuron within the CNS, relays messages between sensory and motor neurons

Slide77

Reflex Arc

Stimulus

received by sensory

neurons

Decision by the interneurons (relay neurons)

Response

by the motor neurons (resulting action

)

Reflex Arc Animation and Quiz

Slide78

Species Differences

Sponges have no nervous system.

Organisms with radial symmetry (jellyfish, starfish, sea urchins, corals)

have a nerve

net and no brainFlatworms have two spinal cords

Slide79

Part VIII: The Endocrine System

Slide80

Endocrine System

Regulates body functions

through a collection of glands which produce hormones.

Metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, sleep, mood, etc…

Slide81

Glands of the Endocrine System

Gland

-

group of cells that produce and

secrete chemicals called hormonesHypothalamusPituitary glandThyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal Glands

Pineal BodyReproductive Glands

Slide82

Hormones

Chemical messengers

Travel from glands into the blood stream to

target cells

Have receptors for specific hormones so each communicates only with those hormones

Slide83

Negative Feedback

A

process in which a system is turned off by the condition it

produces

Slide84

Negative Feedback

Slide85

Part IX: The Integumentary System

Slide86

Integumentary System

The largest organ system in your body!

Functions:

Protect

internal

organs

Regulate

body temperatureRid the body of

waste

Maintain

water

balanceSense the environment

Slide87

Layers of the Integumentary System

Slide88

Epidermis

Tough

, protective

outer

layerMade of 4 layers of cellsCompletely replaced every 28 days

Melanocytes

- produce melanin

Produces

skin

color; the more melanin, the darker the

skinSunlight increases melanin productionTanning & freckles

Slide89

Dermis

Made

up of

blood vessels

, nerve endings, and connective tissueCollagen

&

elastin

– allows skin to stretch & repositionSebaceous glands – near hair follicles &

pores, produce

oil

to lubricate skin & hair

Acne

Slide90

Subcutaneous/hypodermis

Made

up of

connective tissue

, sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat (adipose tissue)

Protects from injury

Maintains temperature

Slide91

Hair and Nails

Made

up of

keratin

Hair provides warmth &

protection

Nails

reinforce

and

protect

digits

Used for scraping

and manipulating objects

Slide92

Species Differences

Epidermal extensions include: feathers,

scales

, claws, antlers/horns, and hooves

Glands may produce: mucus (lubrication for aquatic animals), toxins, odors, LIGHT (deep-sea fish)Pigment:

chromatophores

in fish, amphibians, and reptiles allow for rapid color change to adapt to various backgrounds

Slide93

Part X: The Muscular System

Slide94

Muscular System

Provides

movement

,

balance, posture

, and

heat

700

muscles in the body & make up ½ a person’s weight

The only tissue that can

contract

Slide95

How Muscles work

Muscles

contract

or

relaxMust work in pairs

to move the body

Muscle Animation

Slide96

Types of Muscle

Slide97

Smooth

Found in

digestive system

,

blood vessels, bladder,

respiratory organs

and

uterusPropels substances through the body

Involuntary

-

works

automatically; controlled by the nervous systemTires slowly

Slide98

Cardiac Muscle

Found

in

the

heartPumps bloodStriated

cells – light and dark stripes

Indicator of muscle

strengthInvoluntary

Never tires

Slide99

Skeletal Muscle

Attached

to

bones Hold skeleton together, provide

movement

, give body

shapeStriated

Voluntary

– we control

Tire easily

Slide100

Species Differences

Speed

of action

Trap jaw

ants snap their jaws 2300 times faster

than the

blink

of an eyeRange of length

Chameleons’ tongues can shorten to 1/6 of it’s extended length