The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons organized into circuits more complex than the most powerful supercomputers Powerful imaging techniques allow researchers to monitor multiple areas of the brain while the subject performs various tasks ID: 1042599
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1. 49Nervous Systems
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5. Command and Control CenterThe human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, organized into circuits more complex than the most powerful supercomputersPowerful imaging techniques allow researchers to monitor multiple areas of the brain while the subject performs various tasksA recent advance uses expression of combinations of colored proteins in brain cells, a technique called “brainbow”
6. Figure 49.1
7. OverviewConcept 49.1: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cellsConcept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specializedConcept 49.3: The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functionsConcept 49.4: Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learningConcept 49.5: Many nervous system disorders can be explained in molecular terms
8. OverviewConcept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
9. Concept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specializedSpecific brain structures are particularly SPECIALIZED for diverse functionsThe vertebrate brain has three major regions: Forebrain (cerebrum): processing of olfactory input, regulation of sleep, learning, and any complex processingMidbrain (brainstem): coordinates routing of sensory inputHindbrain (cerebellum): controls involuntary activities and coordinates motor activities
10. Comparison of vertebrates shows that relative sizes of particular brain regions VARYThese size differences reflect the relative importance of the particular brain functionEvolution has resulted in a close match between structure and functionConcept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
11. Figure 49.10LampreySharkRay-finnedfishAmphibianCrocodilianBirdMammalANCESTRALVERTEBRATEKeyForebrainMidbrainHindbrain
12. During embryonic development the anterior neural tube gives rise to the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrainThe midbrain and part of the hindbrain form the brainstem, which joins with the spinal cord at the base of the brainThe rest of the hindbrain gives rise to the cerebellumThe forebrain divides into the diencephelon, which forms endocrine tissues in the brain, and the telencephalon, which becomes the cerebrumConcept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
13. Figure 49.11bEmbryonic brain regionsBrain structures in child and adultTelencephalonDiencephalonMesencephalonMetencephalonMyelencephalonMedulla oblongata (part of brainstem)Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellumMidbrain (part of brainstem)Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)Cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, basal nuclei)CerebrumDiencephalonMesencephalonMetencephalonMyelencephalonDiencephalonTelencephalonSpinalcordChildEmbryo at 5 weeksEmbryo at 1 monthForebrainMidbrainHindbrainHindbrainMidbrainPonsMedullaoblongataCerebellumSpinal cordBrainstemMidbrainForebrain
14. Figure 49.UN07ForebrainCerebrumThalamusHypothalamusPituitary glandPonsMedullaoblongataCerebellumSpinalcordMidbrainHindbrain
15. Figure 49.11dDiencephalonThalamusPineal glandHypothalamusPituitary glandSpinal cordMedullaoblongataPonsMidbrain
16. Figure 49.11cCerebrumCerebellumBasal nucleiCorpus callosumCerebral cortexRight cerebralhemisphereLeft cerebralhemisphereAdult brain viewed from the rear
17. The brainstem and cerebrum control arousal and sleepThe core of the brainstem has a diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formationThese neurons control the timing of sleep periods characterized by rapid eye movements (REMs) and by vivid dreamsSleep is also regulated by the biological clock and regions of the forebrain that regulate intensity and durationConcept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized – Sleep & Arousal
18. Figure 49.12EyeReticular formationInput from touch,pain, and temperaturereceptorsInput fromnerves ofears
19. Sleep is essential and may play a role in the consolidation of learning and memorySome animals have evolutionary adaptations allowing for substantial activity during sleepDolphins sleep with one brain hemisphere at a time and are therefore able to swim while “asleep” !!!Concept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized – Sleep & Arousal
20. Concept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized – Emotions EmotionsGeneration and experience of emotions involve many brain structures, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamusThese structures are grouped as the limbic systemThe structure most important to the storage of emotion in the memory is the amygdala, a mass of nuclei near the base of the cerebrum
21. Figure 49.14ThalamusHypothalamusOlfactorybulbAmygdalaHippocampus
22. OverviewConcept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized