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Chapter 14 Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems Chapter 14 Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems

Chapter 14 Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 14 Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems - PPT Presentation

Lesson 1 The Skeletal System How the skeletal system works Skeletal system consists of 206 bones Tiniest bones are in the inner ear Longest bone in the body is your thigh bone Functions of the skeletal system ID: 779192

brain system bone nervous system brain nervous bone body muscles bones muscle tissue skeletal joints spinal neurons cord messages

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Slide1

Chapter 14

Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems

Slide2

Lesson 1

The Skeletal System

Slide3

How the skeletal system works

Skeletal system consists of 206 bones

Tiniest bones are in the inner ear

Longest bone in the body is your thigh bone

Slide4

Functions of the skeletal system

Providing support for the body

Protecting internal tissues and organs from damage

Acting as a framework for attached muscles

Allowing movement of limbs and digits

Producing new red and white blood cells

Storing fat and minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus

Slide5

Bones

Standard 4.2

Bones are made up of living tissues formed into different layers

The outer layer is hard, densely packed, compact bone

Beneath the outer layer is spongy bone, a less dense bone with a network of cavities filled with red bone marrow (where blood cells are produced)

Some bones also contain yellow bone marrow—a type of connective tissue that stores fat

They are categorized by their shape

Shapes include long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones

Slide6

Bones

Slide7

Slide8

Arm bones

Slide9

Leg Bones

Slide10

Connective tissue

standard 4.2

3 types of connective tissue

Cartilage- a strong flexible connective tissue that can act as a cushion between two bones to reduce friction

Can also act as a flexible structure for soft parts of the body (tip of the nose or the outer ear)

Ossification-is the process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired

Ligament- a band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another

Tendon-a fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone

Slide11

Joints

standard 4.2

Joints- are points at which bones meet

Joints like the ones between the bones of the skull do not move

Flexible joints:

Ball-and-socket joints- a joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup like depression of another bone

Hinge joints- a joint in which a curved part of one bone fits into a bowl-shaped part of another, allowing motion in only one plane

Pivot joints- a joint in which the ends of two bones meet—one end being a central bony cylinder, the other end being a ring Ellipsoidal joints- the site of junction or union between bones, especially one that allows motion of the bones

Slide12

Slide13

Understanding skeletal problems

standard 4.2

Fractures- any type of break in a bone

Compound fracture-the broken end of the bone breaks through the skin

Simple fracture- the broken bone does not break through the skin

Classifications of fractures

Hairline fracture- if parts of the bone do not separate

Transverse fracture- when the fracture is completely across the boneComminuted fractures- when a bone shatters into more that two pieces

Slide14

Simple and Compound fractures

Slide15

Classifications of fractures

Hairline Fracture Transverse Fracture Comminuted Fracture

Slide16

Slide17

Understanding Skeletal Problems

Injuries to Joints

Dislocation- when a bone slips out of place, tearing the ligaments that attach the bone at the joint

Torn cartilage-results from a sharp blow to a joint or a severe twisting of a joint.

Bursitis- results from the painful inflammation of bursa, a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction in joints

Bunions- are painful swellings of the bursae in the first joints of big toes.

Arthritis- the inflammation of a joint, resulting from an injury, natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease

Slide18

Injuries to joints

Dislocation Torn Cartilage

Slide19

Injuries to joints

Bursitis Bunions Arthritis

Slide20

Understanding Skeletal Problems

standard 4.2

Repetitive Motion Injury- prolonged, repeated movements that can damage tissues

Carpal tunnel syndrome-occurs when ligaments and tendons in the wrist swell, causing numbness, a tingling sensation in the thumb and forefinger, pain, and weakness in the hand

Osteoporosis- a condition in which there is a progressive loss of bone tissue

Slide21

Lesson 2

The Muscular System

Slide22

How muscles work

standard 4.2

Muscle- made up of hundreds of long cells called muscle fibers

Major muscles in the body are made up of hundreds of bundles of these fibers

When the bundles are stimulated by nerve impulses, or signals, they contract, or shorten.

When they relax, the bundles extend, or stretch

Slide23

Muscular System

Slide24

Types of muscles

standard 4.2

Smooth muscles- muscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageways and hollow internal organs.

Can be found in the digestive tract, the urinary bladder, the lining of the blood vessels and the passageways that lead into the lungs

They are involuntary muscles

Cardiac Muscle-a type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart

Involuntary muscles

The heart contracts rhythmically about 100,000 times each day to pump blood throughout you body

Slide25

Types of Muscles

standard 4.2

Skeletal muscles- muscles attached to bone that cause body movements

Skeletal muscle tissue has a striated, or striped, appearance under a microscope

Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal

Voluntary Muscles

Flexor- the muscle that closes a joint

Extensor- the muscle that opens a joint

Slide26

Types of Muscles

Slide27

Understanding muscular problems

Bruises-areas of discolored skin that appear after an injury, usually a blow to the body

The injury causes the blood vessels beneath the skin to rupture and leak

Muscles strains or sprains- when muscles are stretched or partially torn from overexertion

Tendinitis- the inflammation of a tendon

Hernia- when an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle

Muscular dystrophy- an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed

Slide28

Understanding Muscular Problems

Bruises Muscle Strain Tendinitis

Slide29

Understanding Muscular Problems

Hernia Muscular Dystrophy

Slide30

Lesson 3

The Nervous System

Slide31

How the nervous system works

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves work together, transmitting messages between organs, tissues, and cells

The nervous system has 2 main divisions:

The central nervous system (CNS)- consists of the brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) gathers information from inside and outside your body

The CNS receives messages from the nerves in the PNS, interprets them, and sends out a response

Slide32

Understanding Neurons

Neurons- nerve cells, transmit messages to and from the spinal cord and brain.

3 types of Neurons

Sensory Neurons-carry messages from receptors in the body to the CNS

Motor Neurons-carry messages from the CNS back to muscles or glands in response to an impulse

Interneurons-communicate with and connect other neurons

Slide33

Understanding Neurons

3 main parts of a Neuron

Cell body contains the nucleus, which regulates the production of proteins within the cell

Neurons have limited ability to repair damage or replace destroyed cells

Dendrites are branched structures that extend from the cell body in most neurons

Receive information and transmit impulses toward the cell body

Axons transmit impules away from the cell body and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or gland

Slide34

The central nervous system

2 organs make up the CNS—the brain and spinal cord

Send and receive impulses to and from nerves in the body

The spinal cord:

Long column of nerve tissue about the thickness of your index finger

Tissue of the spinal cord is surrounded by several layers of connective tissue called the spinal meninges

The meninges and the vertebrae—the bones of the spine—help protect the spinal cord

Spinal cord is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid that absorbs shock and nourishes the nerve tissue

Slide35

The Central Nervous System

The Brain

The adult brain weighs up to 3 pounds

It is protected from injury by layers of cranial meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

Depends on oxygen to survive

Can last only 4-5 minutes without oxygen before suffering irreversible damage

Slide36

Sections of the brain

The brain coordinates and control the activities of the nervous system

Helps you to receive and process messages; to think, remember, reason, and feel emotions, and to coordinate muscle movements

The brain has 3 main divisions:

The cerebrum

The cerebellum

The brain stem

Slide37

Sections of the brain

The Cerebrum: is the largest and most complex part of the brain

The left & right hemispheres communicate with each other to coordinate movement

The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body

Center for processing music and art and comprehending spatial relationships

The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body

The center of language, reasoning, and critical thinking skills

Slide38

Sections of the brain

The Cerebrum:

The left and right hemispheres each have 4 lobes:

The frontal lobe controls voluntary movements and has a role in the use of language

The parietal lobe is involved with sensory information, including feelings of heat, cold, pain, touch, and body position in space

The occipital lobe controls the sense of sight

The temporal lobe contains the sense of hearing and smell, as well as memory, thought, and judgment

Slide39

Sections of the brain

The Cerebellum: is the second largest part of the brain

Coordinates the movement of skeletal muscles

Continually receives messages from sensory neurons in the inner ear and muscles

Maintains the body’s posture and balance

Slide40

Sections of the brain

The Brain Stem: a 3-inch-long stalk of nerve cells and fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

5 parts of the Brain Stem:

The medulla oblongata regulates heartbeat, respiratory rate, and reflexes such as coughing and sneezing

The pons helps regulate breathing and controls the muscles of the eyes and face

The midbrain controls the eyeball movement, pupil size, and the reflexive response of turning your head

Slide41

Sections of the brain

The Brain Stem:

5 Parts of the Brain Stem:

The thalamus relays incoming sensory impulses from the eyes, the ears, and from pressure receptors in the skin

The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, appetite, sleep, and controls secretions from the pituitary gland, affecting metabolism, sexual development, and emotions

Slide42

The Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) carries messages between the CNS and part of the body, signaling internal and external changes

Made up of :

the autonomic nervous system-

controls such involuntary functions as digestion and heart rate

Consists of a network of nerves divided into two smaller networks: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

the somatic nervous system-

involves voluntary responses that are under your controlSensory neurons relay messages from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the CNS

Slide43

The Peripheral Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system

kicks in when you are startled, sending messages that cause your heart rate to increase

Blood vessels in your muscles dilate, allowing greater blood flow. “Flight-or-fight” response

The parasympathetic nervous system

opposes the action of the sympathetic nervous system by slowing body functions.

It slows heartbeat, relaxes blood vessels, and lowers blood pressure to conserve energyStimulates production of saliva and stomach secretions to promote the digestion of food

Slide44

Problems of the nervous system

Headaches.

Caused by muscle tension, eyestrain, exposure to fumes, a sinus infection, dehydration, or food allergies

Migraines are recurrent headaches that may be accompanied by sensitivity to light

Head injuries.

Types of head injuries include concussion, a temporary loss of consciousness, contusion, a bruising of the brain tissues that causes swelling, and coma, caused by major trauma

Spinal Injuries.

Swelling of spinal cord or the tissue around it can result in temporary loss of nerve function. Permanent damage will result without treatment.

Slide45

Problems of the Nervous system

Meningitis

is an inflammation of the spinal and cranial meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection

It is very serious and can result in death

Symptoms include fever, headache, light and sound sensitivity, and neck stiffness.

Degenerative diseases

occur over time as cells break down

Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s are some examples

Slide46

Problems of the Nervous system

Epilepsy

is a disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures—sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain

Causes include brain damage at birth, infections, head injury, or exposure to

toxins

Cerebral palsy

refers to a group of neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before, during, or just after birth or in early childhood

Physical therapy and medication help patients cope.