Lesson 1 The Skeletal System How the skeletal system works Skeletal system consists of 206 bones Tiniest bones are in the inner ear Longest bone in the body is your thigh bone Functions of the skeletal system ID: 779192
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Slide1
Chapter 14
Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems
Slide2Lesson 1
The Skeletal System
Slide3How the skeletal system works
Skeletal system consists of 206 bones
Tiniest bones are in the inner ear
Longest bone in the body is your thigh bone
Slide4Functions of the skeletal system
Providing support for the body
Protecting internal tissues and organs from damage
Acting as a framework for attached muscles
Allowing movement of limbs and digits
Producing new red and white blood cells
Storing fat and minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus
Slide5Bones
Standard 4.2
Bones are made up of living tissues formed into different layers
The outer layer is hard, densely packed, compact bone
Beneath the outer layer is spongy bone, a less dense bone with a network of cavities filled with red bone marrow (where blood cells are produced)
Some bones also contain yellow bone marrow—a type of connective tissue that stores fat
They are categorized by their shape
Shapes include long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones
Slide6Bones
Slide7Slide8Arm bones
Slide9Leg Bones
Slide10Connective tissue
standard 4.2
3 types of connective tissue
Cartilage- a strong flexible connective tissue that can act as a cushion between two bones to reduce friction
Can also act as a flexible structure for soft parts of the body (tip of the nose or the outer ear)
Ossification-is the process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired
Ligament- a band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another
Tendon-a fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone
Slide11Joints
standard 4.2
Joints- are points at which bones meet
Joints like the ones between the bones of the skull do not move
Flexible joints:
Ball-and-socket joints- a joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup like depression of another bone
Hinge joints- a joint in which a curved part of one bone fits into a bowl-shaped part of another, allowing motion in only one plane
Pivot joints- a joint in which the ends of two bones meet—one end being a central bony cylinder, the other end being a ring Ellipsoidal joints- the site of junction or union between bones, especially one that allows motion of the bones
Slide12Slide13Understanding skeletal problems
standard 4.2
Fractures- any type of break in a bone
Compound fracture-the broken end of the bone breaks through the skin
Simple fracture- the broken bone does not break through the skin
Classifications of fractures
Hairline fracture- if parts of the bone do not separate
Transverse fracture- when the fracture is completely across the boneComminuted fractures- when a bone shatters into more that two pieces
Slide14Simple and Compound fractures
Slide15Classifications of fractures
Hairline Fracture Transverse Fracture Comminuted Fracture
Slide16Slide17Understanding Skeletal Problems
Injuries to Joints
Dislocation- when a bone slips out of place, tearing the ligaments that attach the bone at the joint
Torn cartilage-results from a sharp blow to a joint or a severe twisting of a joint.
Bursitis- results from the painful inflammation of bursa, a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction in joints
Bunions- are painful swellings of the bursae in the first joints of big toes.
Arthritis- the inflammation of a joint, resulting from an injury, natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease
Slide18Injuries to joints
Dislocation Torn Cartilage
Slide19Injuries to joints
Bursitis Bunions Arthritis
Slide20Understanding Skeletal Problems
standard 4.2
Repetitive Motion Injury- prolonged, repeated movements that can damage tissues
Carpal tunnel syndrome-occurs when ligaments and tendons in the wrist swell, causing numbness, a tingling sensation in the thumb and forefinger, pain, and weakness in the hand
Osteoporosis- a condition in which there is a progressive loss of bone tissue
Slide21Lesson 2
The Muscular System
Slide22How muscles work
standard 4.2
Muscle- made up of hundreds of long cells called muscle fibers
Major muscles in the body are made up of hundreds of bundles of these fibers
When the bundles are stimulated by nerve impulses, or signals, they contract, or shorten.
When they relax, the bundles extend, or stretch
Slide23Muscular System
Slide24Types of muscles
standard 4.2
Smooth muscles- muscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageways and hollow internal organs.
Can be found in the digestive tract, the urinary bladder, the lining of the blood vessels and the passageways that lead into the lungs
They are involuntary muscles
Cardiac Muscle-a type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart
Involuntary muscles
The heart contracts rhythmically about 100,000 times each day to pump blood throughout you body
Slide25Types of Muscles
standard 4.2
Skeletal muscles- muscles attached to bone that cause body movements
Skeletal muscle tissue has a striated, or striped, appearance under a microscope
Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal
Voluntary Muscles
Flexor- the muscle that closes a joint
Extensor- the muscle that opens a joint
Slide26Types of Muscles
Slide27Understanding muscular problems
Bruises-areas of discolored skin that appear after an injury, usually a blow to the body
The injury causes the blood vessels beneath the skin to rupture and leak
Muscles strains or sprains- when muscles are stretched or partially torn from overexertion
Tendinitis- the inflammation of a tendon
Hernia- when an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle
Muscular dystrophy- an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed
Slide28Understanding Muscular Problems
Bruises Muscle Strain Tendinitis
Slide29Understanding Muscular Problems
Hernia Muscular Dystrophy
Slide30Lesson 3
The Nervous System
Slide31How the nervous system works
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves work together, transmitting messages between organs, tissues, and cells
The nervous system has 2 main divisions:
The central nervous system (CNS)- consists of the brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) gathers information from inside and outside your body
The CNS receives messages from the nerves in the PNS, interprets them, and sends out a response
Slide32Understanding Neurons
Neurons- nerve cells, transmit messages to and from the spinal cord and brain.
3 types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons-carry messages from receptors in the body to the CNS
Motor Neurons-carry messages from the CNS back to muscles or glands in response to an impulse
Interneurons-communicate with and connect other neurons
Slide33Understanding Neurons
3 main parts of a Neuron
Cell body contains the nucleus, which regulates the production of proteins within the cell
Neurons have limited ability to repair damage or replace destroyed cells
Dendrites are branched structures that extend from the cell body in most neurons
Receive information and transmit impulses toward the cell body
Axons transmit impules away from the cell body and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or gland
Slide34The central nervous system
2 organs make up the CNS—the brain and spinal cord
Send and receive impulses to and from nerves in the body
The spinal cord:
Long column of nerve tissue about the thickness of your index finger
Tissue of the spinal cord is surrounded by several layers of connective tissue called the spinal meninges
The meninges and the vertebrae—the bones of the spine—help protect the spinal cord
Spinal cord is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid that absorbs shock and nourishes the nerve tissue
Slide35The Central Nervous System
The Brain
The adult brain weighs up to 3 pounds
It is protected from injury by layers of cranial meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
Depends on oxygen to survive
Can last only 4-5 minutes without oxygen before suffering irreversible damage
Slide36Sections of the brain
The brain coordinates and control the activities of the nervous system
Helps you to receive and process messages; to think, remember, reason, and feel emotions, and to coordinate muscle movements
The brain has 3 main divisions:
The cerebrum
The cerebellum
The brain stem
Slide37Sections of the brain
The Cerebrum: is the largest and most complex part of the brain
The left & right hemispheres communicate with each other to coordinate movement
The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body
Center for processing music and art and comprehending spatial relationships
The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body
The center of language, reasoning, and critical thinking skills
Slide38Sections of the brain
The Cerebrum:
The left and right hemispheres each have 4 lobes:
The frontal lobe controls voluntary movements and has a role in the use of language
The parietal lobe is involved with sensory information, including feelings of heat, cold, pain, touch, and body position in space
The occipital lobe controls the sense of sight
The temporal lobe contains the sense of hearing and smell, as well as memory, thought, and judgment
Slide39Sections of the brain
The Cerebellum: is the second largest part of the brain
Coordinates the movement of skeletal muscles
Continually receives messages from sensory neurons in the inner ear and muscles
Maintains the body’s posture and balance
Slide40Sections of the brain
The Brain Stem: a 3-inch-long stalk of nerve cells and fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain
5 parts of the Brain Stem:
The medulla oblongata regulates heartbeat, respiratory rate, and reflexes such as coughing and sneezing
The pons helps regulate breathing and controls the muscles of the eyes and face
The midbrain controls the eyeball movement, pupil size, and the reflexive response of turning your head
Slide41Sections of the brain
The Brain Stem:
5 Parts of the Brain Stem:
The thalamus relays incoming sensory impulses from the eyes, the ears, and from pressure receptors in the skin
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, appetite, sleep, and controls secretions from the pituitary gland, affecting metabolism, sexual development, and emotions
Slide42The Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) carries messages between the CNS and part of the body, signaling internal and external changes
Made up of :
the autonomic nervous system-
controls such involuntary functions as digestion and heart rate
Consists of a network of nerves divided into two smaller networks: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
the somatic nervous system-
involves voluntary responses that are under your controlSensory neurons relay messages from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the CNS
Slide43The Peripheral Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system
kicks in when you are startled, sending messages that cause your heart rate to increase
Blood vessels in your muscles dilate, allowing greater blood flow. “Flight-or-fight” response
The parasympathetic nervous system
opposes the action of the sympathetic nervous system by slowing body functions.
It slows heartbeat, relaxes blood vessels, and lowers blood pressure to conserve energyStimulates production of saliva and stomach secretions to promote the digestion of food
Slide44Problems of the nervous system
Headaches.
Caused by muscle tension, eyestrain, exposure to fumes, a sinus infection, dehydration, or food allergies
Migraines are recurrent headaches that may be accompanied by sensitivity to light
Head injuries.
Types of head injuries include concussion, a temporary loss of consciousness, contusion, a bruising of the brain tissues that causes swelling, and coma, caused by major trauma
Spinal Injuries.
Swelling of spinal cord or the tissue around it can result in temporary loss of nerve function. Permanent damage will result without treatment.
Slide45Problems of the Nervous system
Meningitis
is an inflammation of the spinal and cranial meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection
It is very serious and can result in death
Symptoms include fever, headache, light and sound sensitivity, and neck stiffness.
Degenerative diseases
occur over time as cells break down
Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s are some examples
Slide46Problems of the Nervous system
Epilepsy
is a disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures—sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
Causes include brain damage at birth, infections, head injury, or exposure to
toxins
Cerebral palsy
refers to a group of neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before, during, or just after birth or in early childhood
Physical therapy and medication help patients cope.