PDF-[BOOK]-Artificial Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

The applications of Artificial Intelligence lie all around us in our homes schools and offices in our cinemas in art galleries and not least on the Internet The results of Artificial Intelligence have been invaluable to biologists psychologists and linguists in helping tounderstand the processes of memory learning and language from a fresh angleAs a concept Artificial Intelligence has fueled and sharpened the philosophical debates concerning the nature of the mind intelligence and the uniqueness of human beings In this Very Short Introduction Margaret A Boden reviews the philosophical and technological challenges raised by ArtificialIntelligence considering whether programs could ever be really intelligent creative or even conscious and shows how the pursuit of Artificial Intelligence has helped us to appreciate how human and animal minds are possibleABOUT THE SERIES The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area These pocketsized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly Our expert authors combine facts analysis perspective new ideas andenthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. Jason Fuller. 1. What is Game AI?. Imitate intelligence in the actions of non-player characters (NPCs).. Make the game “feel” real.. Obey laws of the game. Show decision making . and planning. 2. Movies… anyone?. What should I do?. Tell me SOMETHING. Being more formal. Artificial Intelligence is something which gives computers the ability to learn without. b. eing explicitly programmed. Current state of machine intelligence. Nick . Deheck. Chelsey . Eglseder. Joshua Lewis. David Summey. What is Artificial Intelligence? . Simulation of human intelligence. "Alexa"; "Watson. ". Machines learn from experience. Netflix. Ability to adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. What impact might it have on how we work and live? What opportunities does it present for independent schools? . Understanding Artificial Intelligence. (AI). SAS.com. AI makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs, and perform human-like tasks.. to . rscheearch. at . Cmabrigde. . Uinervtisy. , it . deosn't. . mttaer. in . waht. . oredr. the . ltteers. in a . wrod. are, the . olny. . iprmoatnt. . tihng. is . taht. the . frist. and . Chapter 10 New Frontiers for Ethical Considerations: Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality 1 Artificial Intelligence AI – is a field of learning that emulates human intelligence Advances in human intelligence: The South East Asia artificial cartilage and artificial joints market is growing at a potential growth rate Year-over-Year (YoY) and has reached USD 7.3 billion in 2019. The market is further expected to touch USD 15.0 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 11.8% during 2020-2026 (forecast period) In 1883, Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, coined the word eugenics to express his dream of perfecting the human race by applying the laws of genetic heredity. Adapting Darwin\'s theory of evolution to human society, eugenics soon became a powerful, international movement, committed to using the principles of heredity and statistics to encourage healthy and discourage unhealthy reproduction. Early in the twentieth century and across the world, doctors, social reformers, and politicians turned to the new science of eugenics as a means to improve and strengthen their populations. Eugenics advocates claimed their methods would result in healthier, fitter babies and would dramatically limit human suffering. The reality was a different story. In the name of scientific progress and of human improvement, eugenicists targeted the weak and the sick, triggering coercive legislation on issues as disparate as race, gender, immigration, euthanasia, abortion, sterilization, intelligence, mental illness, and disease control. Nationalists eagerly embraced eugenics as a means to legitimize their countries\' superiority and racialized assumptions, and the Nazis notoriously used eugenics to shape their final solution. In this lucid volume, Philippa Levine tackles the intricate and controversial history of eugenics, masterfully synthesizing the enormous range of policies and experiments carried out in the name of eugenics around the world throughout the twentieth century. She questions the widespread belief that eugenics disappeared after World War II and evaluates the impact of eugenics on current reproductive and genetic sciences. Charting the development of such controversial practices as artificial insemination, sperm donation, and population control, this book offers a powerful, extraordinarily timely reflection on the frequent interplay between genetics and ethics. Eugenics may no longer be a household word, but we feel its effects even today. Astrobiology is an exciting new subject, and one, arguably, more interdisciplinary than any other. Astrobiologists seek to understand the origin and evolution of life on Earth in order to illuminate and guide the search for life on other planets. In this Very Short Introduction, David C. Catling introduces the subject through our understanding of the factors that allowed life to arise and persist on our own planet, and for the signs we are looking for in the search for extraterrestrial life.About the Series: Oxford\'s Very Short Introductions series offers concise and original introductions to a wide range of subjects--from Islam to Sociology, Politics to Classics, Literary Theory to History, and Archaeology to the Bible. Not simply a textbook of definitions, each volume in this series provides trenchant and provocative--yet always balanced and complete--discussions of the central issues in a given discipline or field. Every Very Short Introduction gives a readable evolution of the subject in question, demonstrating how the subject has developed and how it has influenced society. Eventually, the series will encompass every major academic discipline, offering all students an accessible and abundant reference library. Whatever the area of study that one deems important or appealing, whatever the topic that fascinates the general reader, the Very Short Introductions series has a handy and affordable guide that will likely prove indispensable.#370 What is innovation? How is innovation used in business? How can we use it to succeed?Innovation, the ways ideas are made valuable, plays an essential role in economic and social development, and is an increasingly topical issue. Over the last 150 years our world has hit an accelerated rate of transformation. From airplanes to television to penicillin, and from radios to frozen food to digital money, the fruits of innovation surround us.Innovation: A Very Short Introduction looks at what innovation is and why it affects us so profoundly. It examines how it occurs, who stimulates it, how it is pursued, and what its outcomes are, both positive and negative. Considering innovation today, and discussing future disruptive technologies such as AI, which have important implications for work and employment, Mark Dodgson and David Gann consider the extent to which our understanding of innovation has developed over the past century and how it might be used to interpret the global economy. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. The war instinct is part of human nature, but the means to fight war depend on technology. Alex Roland traces the co-evolution of technology and warfare from the Stone Age to the age of cyberwar, describing the inventions that changed the direction of warfare throughout history: from fortifiedwalls, the chariot, battleships, and the gunpowder revolution to bombers, rockets, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and nuclear weapons.In the twenty-first century, new technologies continue to push warfare in unexpected directions, while warfare stimulates stunning new technological advances. Yet even now, the newest and best technology cannot guarantee victory. Brimming with dramatic narratives of battles and deep insights intomilitary psychology, this book shows that although military technologies keep changing at great speed, the principles and patterns behind them abide. What is innovation? How is innovation used in business? How can we use it to succeed?Innovation, the ways ideas are made valuable, plays an essential role in economic and social development, and is an increasingly topical issue. Over the last 150 years our world has hit an accelerated rate of transformation. From airplanes to television to penicillin, and from radios to frozen food to digital money, the fruits of innovation surround us.Innovation: A Very Short Introduction looks at what innovation is and why it affects us so profoundly. It examines how it occurs, who stimulates it, how it is pursued, and what its outcomes are, both positive and negative. Considering innovation today, and discussing future disruptive technologies such as AI, which have important implications for work and employment, Mark Dodgson and David Gann consider the extent to which our understanding of innovation has developed over the past century and how it might be used to interpret the global economy. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. The applications of Artificial Intelligence lie all around us in our homes, schools and offices, in our cinemas, in art galleries and -- not least -- on the Internet. The results of Artificial Intelligence have been invaluable to biologists, psychologists, and linguists in helping tounderstand the processes of memory, learning, and language from a fresh angle.As a concept, Artificial Intelligence has fueled and sharpened the philosophical debates concerning the nature of the mind, intelligence, and the uniqueness of human beings. In this Very Short Introduction, Margaret A. Boden reviews the philosophical and technological challenges raised by ArtificialIntelligence, considering whether programs could ever be really intelligent, creative, or even conscious, and shows how the pursuit of Artificial Intelligence has helped us to appreciate how human and animal minds are possible.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, andenthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. Compelling and accessible, this Very Short Introduction challenges the perception of borders as passive lines on a map, revealing them instead to be integral forces in the economic, social, political, and environmental processes that shape our lives. Highlighting the historical development and continued relevance of borders, Alexander Diener and Joshua Hagen offer a powerful counterpoint to the idea of an imminent borderless world, underscoring the impact borders have on a range of issues, such as economic development, inter- and intra-state conflict, global terrorism, migration, nationalism, international law, environmental sustainability, and natural resource management. Diener and Hagen demonstrate how and why borders have been, are currently, and will undoubtedly remain hot topics across the social sciences and in the global headlines for years to come. This compact volume will appeal to a broad, interdisciplinary audience of scholars and students, including geographers, political scientists, anthropologists, sociologists, historians, international relations and law experts, as well as lay readers interested in understanding current events.