na ji Leukopenia Leukopenia refers to the decrease in the number of white blood cells WBC in blood Causes of Leukopenia Leukopenia may be caused by various diseases and drugs Some of these are outlined here ID: 929666
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Slide1
Leukopenia
by
Hussein Ali
na
ji
Slide2Leukopenia
Leukopenia
refers to the decrease in the number of white blood cells (WBC) in blood.
Causes of
Leukopenia
Leukopenia
may be caused by various diseases and drugs. Some of these are outlined here:-
A- Bone marrow damage or suppression
This is caused due to exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy and certain drugs. These agents cause a decrease in production of all the cells of the bone marrow leading to
leukopenia
, anemia (low number of red blood cell production and platelets).
Slide3B- Bone marrow diseases
In these conditions the bone marrow does not produce sufficient
WBCs
or selectively produces excess of one type of
WBCs
leading to a lack of other types. The causes include
myelodysplastic
syndrome, leukemia,
myeloproliferative
syndrome,
myelofibrosis
(bone marrow replaced by fibrous tissues), vitamin
B12
or
folate
deficiency etc.
C- Cancers that have spread to the bone marrow
Cancers when they have spread to the bone marrow may lead to
leukopenia
. This is seen in lymphomas and other cancers.
Slide4D- Autoimmune disorders
This occurs when the body fails to recognize its own cells and begins to attack them. In cases of
leukopenia
the body’s WBC’s are perceived as foreign and attacked. The condition is called lupus or Systemic lupus
erythematosus
(
SLE
).
E- Severe infections
Severe infections that deplete the body of
WBCs
may lead to
leukopenia
. This is called sepsis.
Slide5G
- Diseases of the immune system
Diseases of the immune system, such as HIV, which destroy T lymphocytes
H-
Hypersplenism
This is caused by enlargement of spleen that destroys the blood cells leading to
leukopenia
as well as anemia.
Slide6Pseudoleukopenia
This occurs at the initial phases of the infection. The leukocytes (predominately
neutrophils
) are responsible for the initial reaction to an infection. After an infection these cells gather around the margins of the blood vessels (marginalized) so that they can scan for the site of infection. Thus there is increased WBC production but it appears low from a blood sample, since the blood sample is of core blood and does not include the
WBCs
gathered to reach the site of infection.
Slide7Neutropenia
This term refers to an decreased numbers
neutrophiles
in blood circulation, under about 4× 10
9
in
monogastric
animals or about 1× 10
9
in ruminant, this can occur in a numbers way.
Viral infection. (e.g., parvovirus in dogs and cats and equine
herpesvirus
-1 in foals),
rickettsial
diseases
Increasd
demand for
neutrophils
without compensatory inflow from the bone marrow.
acute
salmonellosis
in horses and calves.
Slide8neutropenia
can occur following the net movement of
neutrophils
from the
CNP
to the
MNP
, as occurs during shock.
Hypoplastic
conditions associated with
neutropenia
precursor cells in the marrow include idiosyncratic drug reactions (e.g.,
phenylbutazone
,
trimethoprim
/sulfadiazine,
griseofulvin
,
cephalosporins
,
fenbendazole
) estrogen toxicity (exogenous or endogenous) in dogs.
Increase destruction of
neutrophils
in circulation. This occur in autoimmune
neutropenia
.
Decreasd
bone marrow production.
Slide9Eosinopenia
This term refers to a decreased numbers
eosinopenia
in blood circulation, under about 0.1× 10
9
, The absolute
eosinophil
count may be zero in some normal animals, making
eosinopenia
of limited significance.
Endogenous
&
exogenous
glucocorticoids
rapidly induce
eosinopenia
in animals due to the corticosteroid inhibit mast cells
regranulation
and so reduced histamine production and prolonged exposure to corticosteroids will reduce bone marrow
eosinophil
production.
Stress including prolonged intensive athletic training, acute stress causes increase catecholamine secretion and chronic stress causes increased corticosteroid secretion.
Slide10Lymphopenia
This term refers to an decrease numbers of circulating of lymphocyte, below about 1× 10
9
in
monogastric
animals or about 3× 10
9
in ruminant, this can occur in a numbers way.
Steroid effects. Any of reasons for increased circulating corticosteroid ( stress, steroid therapy)
Infection.
Lymphopenia
often accompanies the
neutropenia
seen in acute viral infections.
Neoplasia
.