OF MEMORY PRESENTED AT THE CLINICAL MEETING OF FEDERAL NEURO PSYCHAITRIC HOSPITAL USELU BENIN CITY ON THIS DAY 29 TH OF JUNE 2022 BY OMENAI UWA D 6292022 1 OBJECTIVES To describe the processes involved in memory the components of memory the process involved in forgetting disord ID: 933341
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IN PSYCHIATRY:DISORDERS OF MEMORY
PRESENTED AT THE CLINICAL MEETING OF FEDERAL NEURO PSYCHAITRIC HOSPITAL ,USELU, BENIN CITY.ON THIS DAY 29TH OF JUNE 2022BYOMENAI UWA .D.
6/29/2022
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Slide2OBJECTIVES To describe the processes involved in memory, the components of memory, the process involved in forgetting, disorders associated with memory and the test of memory.
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Slide3OUTLINEIntroduction
Types of memoryProcesses of memoryForgetting and retrievalDisorders of memoryTests of memoryConclusion.References6/29/2022
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Slide4INTRODUCTION/DEFINITIONMemory is the ability to encode, store, retain, and recall information and past experiences.
Psychological functions such as thinking, learning, and social interactions are linked to, and depend upon memory. 6/29/20224
Slide5COMPONENTS OF MEMORYSensory memoryShort term memory
Long term memory6/29/20225
Slide6SENSORY MEMORYShortest memoryLasts for <1 sec (200-250millisecs).
Gotten from environmental stimuli.Information here not processed gets rapidly lost, while those that are processed gets transferred to the short term memory.6/29/20226
Slide7SHORT TERM MEMORYReceives encoded data from sensory stores and transfers it to long term memory
Temporary memory storeRetrieval is effortless Lasts for about 15 -20 seconds.Items presented first and last are more likely to be remembered than middle items.Mediated by pre frontal lobeTested by digit span test.6/29/2022
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Slide8LONG TERM MEMORYMemory for events occurring months or years ago
Great diversityDynamicUnlimited capacityMediated by limbic system-especially the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobeTested by recall of recent or distant pasts.6/29/2022
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Slide9TYPES OF MEMORYExplicit memory/declarative memory
Semantic memoryEpisodic memory2. Implicit memory/non declarative memory.6/29/2022
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Slide10PROCESSES OF MEMORYEncodingStorage
Retrieval6/29/202210
Slide11MEMORY PROCESSES CONT.
ENCODINGAlso called registrationDifferent forms of encodingA)visualB)acousticC)semanticD)others…. smell, touch, taste.6/29/2022
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Slide12CONT…STORAGE
Passive process of retaining information in the sensory, short and long term memory.RECALLRefers to the subsequent re-accessing of events which have been previously encoded and stored in the brain.6/29/202212
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Slide14FORGETTINGMemory for events and facts decline over time.Forgetting is maximum in the first few hours. however its never complete as some are retained even for life.
Continuous motor skill show no forgetting such as cycling or driving.6/29/202214
Slide15The Forgetting Curve
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Slide16CAUSES OF LONG TERM FORGETTING
Failure in encodingFailure of transfer of information from STM to LTM.Retrieval failure6/29/2022
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Slide17ENCODING FAILURENeuro imaging and cognitive studies have shown that a significant proportion of forgetting is likely to occur from insufficient attention to the material at time of encoding.
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Slide18RETRIEVAL FAILURERetrieval is facilitated by cues. retrieval cues are stimuli associated with stored information…hearing and old tune bring backs the words of a long forgotten song.
In retrieval failure….the info is still present in the LTM, but no retrieval cue is available.6/29/202218
Slide19STATE DEPENDENT MEMORYThe retrieval cue at the time of encoding the information is one’s internal mental state, rather than the external context.
subjects who learn the information while under the influences of alcohol, marijuana and amphetamines remember the items better when under similar intoxicated states.6/29/202219
Slide20ACCURACY OF MEMORYSuggestibilityBias
MisattributionEmotional state of the subject at time of recall6/29/202220
Slide21MODELS OF MEMORYTwo known well models of memory include
Levels of processing theoryMulti store model6/29/202221
Slide22LEVELS OF PROCESSING THEORYProposed by
Craik and Lockhart in 1972The degree or depth of analysis at the time of encoding determines how well information is retainedShallow processing of material is well less remembered than deep processing.6/29/2022
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Slide23Level of processing theory …
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Slide24Multi-store modelProposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin
1968Memory is characterised by the loss of information between the three inter related stores(sensory, short and long term memory).6/29/202224
Slide25Multi-store Model of memory
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Slide26DISORDERS OF MEMORYThe amnesias
Memory distortion1) disorders of recall2) disorders of recognitionHyper amnesia6/29/2022
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Slide27AMNESIAPartial or total inability to recall past experience and events.
Characteristic feature of amnesia could be;Anterograde amnesia.Retrograde amnesia.6/29/202227
Slide28Amnesia
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Slide29AMNESIA CONT…Can be subdivided into
Organic amnesiaAge related memory lossPsychogenic amnesia6/29/2022
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Slide30ORGANIC AMNESIA
An abnormal state in which memory and learning are affected out of all properties to other cognitive functions.Intelligence, speech and reasoning are well preserved.Organic anmesia is seen in…herpes encephalitis, alcoholic brain disease, cerebral hypoxia.6/29/2022
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Slide31Organic amnesia cont.
Acute brain disease----- retrograde amnesia seen in traumatic brain injury and anterograde amnesia found in acute confusional state due to infections or epilepsy.Subacute coarse brain disease----- anterograde amnesia. e.g..after electro convulsive therapy , transient global amnesia, cerebrovasacular accident.
Chronic brain disease---- korsakoff syndrome… can present with loss of memory extending back to year.
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Slide32AGE RELATED MEMORY LOSSAlso called age appropriate memory loss.
Occurs in the elderly aged 65 and above.Forgetting names, appointment and every day item is a common complain amongst the elderly. DEMENTIASyndrome marked by loss of memory, deterioration in adaptive function and cognitive deficit. 6/29/2022
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Slide34PSYCHOGENIC AMENESIACaused by psychological factors especially traumatic events which are unacceptable to the person.
Subtypes---global and situation amnesia.GLOBAL AMNESIA..(fugue state).sudden loss of all autobiographical memory( knowledge of self and personal identity),associated with wandering for which there is an amnesic gap upon recovery.SITUATION specific…occurs in cases of extreme arousal e.g assualt.
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Slide35MEMORY DISTORTIONDISODERS OF RECALL
RETROSPECTIVE FALSIFICATION-Unilateral distortion of memory that occurs when an event is filtered through a persons current emotional state.FALSE MEMORY-Recollection of events that didn’t occur but feels strongly about.SCREEN MEMORY-Recollection that is partly true and partly false, because it is too painful to recall.6/29/2022
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Slide36MEMORY DISTORTION CONT…Crypt
amensia; experience of not remembering what one is remembering e.g.—writing a witty passage, seen before but thinking it’s an original material.Retrospective delusions---back date their illness in spite of clear evidence that it is a recent illness… e.g, a person says he has always been persecuted.
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Slide37DISORDERS OF RECOGNITIONDe’ja
vuJamais vuDe’ja penseDe’ja entendu6/29/2022
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Slide38HYPERMENSIAExaggerated registration, retention and recall.
Flash backs are common….sudden intense memory.Associated with PTSDHallucinogens….cannabis use, after d effect has worn off…flashes of colour, false percept in movement, visual disturbances.6/29/2022
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Slide39TEST OF MEMORYCommon bedside test for memory includesRecall of 3 objects
Recall of seven items, addressesRecall of recent incidentsRecall of remote personal history.Mini mental state exam.6/29/202239
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Slide41Specialised test of memoryRey-Osterrieth
complex figure testWechsler memory scaleRivermead behavioural memory test.6/29/202241
Slide42CONCLUSIONWe have been able to go through what memory is about, processes involved in memory retention and forgetting and also memory impairments.
Memory is therefore the glue that binds our everyday living, and repeating what we hear, making associations and notes can help us retain information.6/29/202242
Slide43REFRENCESWeb references
Disorders of memory presentation retrieved june 21,2022 from http;//www.sideshare.net/RajeevRanjan9/dioders of memory.Book referencesPaul Harrison et al,(2018),shorter oxford text book of psychiatry(7th ed).page 18,chapter 1.
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Slide44CONT..Benjamin James Sadox.M.D
et al,kaplan and sadox, synopsis of psychiatry (11th edition),page 200,chapter 2Kopelman M.D. disorders of memory.Brain.2002,oct1;125(10):2152-90.
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