0 347 Current sunlight and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes Freshwater biomes cover less than 1 of the Earth contain less than 001 of its water harbor 6 of all described species and ID: 765405
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0 34.7 Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes Freshwater biomes cover less than 1% of the Earth,contain less than 0.01% of its water,harbor 6% of all described species, andinclude lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetlands. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 34.7 Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes Freshwater biomes fall into two broad groups: standing water biomes (lakes and ponds) andflowing water biomes (rivers and streams). © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.7A Benthic realm PhoticzoneAphoticzone
Figure 34.7B
Figure 34.7C
0 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 34.8 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into nine major types of biomes, distinguished primarily by their predominant vegetation. The geographic distribution of plants and thus terrestrial biomes largely depends on climate. The key climate factors aretemperature andprecipitation The same type of biome may occur in geographically distant places if the climate is similar. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 34.8 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate The current concern about global warming is generating intense interest in the effect of climate on vegetation patterns. Scientists are documentinglatitudinal shifts in biome borders and snow and ice coverage andchanges in length of the growing season. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.8 30 N Tropic ofCancerTropic ofCapricorn 30S Equator Key Tropical forest Savanna Chaparral Desert Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Coniferous forest Arctic tundra Polar ice High mountains (coniferous forest and alpine tundra)
0 34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator Tropical forests occur in equatorial areas,experience warm temperatures and days that are 11–12 hours long year-round, andhave variable rainfall. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator The tropical rain forest is among the most complex of all biomes. Tropical rain forests harbor enormous numbers of species.Large-scale human destruction of tropical rain forests continues to endanger many species. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.9
Figure 34.9_1
0 34.10 Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees Savannas are warm year-round,have 30–50 cm annual rainfall,experience dramatic seasonal variation,are dominated by grasses and scattered trees, and are mostly inhabited by large grazing mammals and insects. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.10
Figure 34.10_1
0 34.11 Deserts are defined by their dryness Deserts are the driest of all terrestrial biomes.They are characterized by low and unpredictable rainfall.Desertification, the conversion of semiarid regions to desert, is a significant environmental problem. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.11
Figure 34.11_1
0 34.12 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral The chaparral is a shrubland withcool, rainy winters andhot, dry summers.Vegetation is adapted to periodic fires. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.12
Figure 34.12_1
0 34.13 Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie Temperate grasslands are mostly treeless, except along rivers or streams,experience precipitation of about 25–75 cm per year, with periodic droughts and cold winters, and in North America have historically been grazed by large bison and pronghorn. Farms have replaced most of North America’s temperate grasslands. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.13
Figure 34.13_1
0 34.14 Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests Temperate broadleaf forests grow where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees andexperience wide-ranging temperatures (–30°C to 30°C) and high annual precipitation (75–150 cm).Nearly all of the original broadleaf forests in North America have been drastically altered by agriculture and urban development. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.14
Figure 34.14_1
0 34.15 Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees Cone-bearing evergreen trees, such as spruce, pine, fir, and hemlock, dominate coniferous forests.The northern coniferous forest, or taiga, is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth. The taiga is characterized bylong, cold winters and short, wet summers.Temperate rain forests of coastal North America are also coniferous forests. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.15
Figure 34.15_1
0 34.16 Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra The tundra covers expansive areas of the Arctic between the taiga and the permanently frozen polar ice.The treeless arctic tundrais characterized by permafrost, continuously frozen subsoil, and experiences little precipitation. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.16
Figure 34.16_1
0 34.17 Polar ice covers the land at high latitudes Polar ice coversland north of the tundra,much of the Arctic Ocean, andthe continent of Antarctica.Temperatures are extremely cold year-round and precipitation is very low. The terrestrial polar biome is closely intertwined with the neighboring marine biome. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.17
Figure 34.17_1
0 34.18 The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes Ecological subdivisions such as biomes are linked by nutrient cycles andthe water cycle.Water in the form of precipitation and evaporation moves between the land, oceans, and atmosphere.Over the oceans, evaporation exceeds precipitation. Over the land, precipitation exceeds evaporation. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 34.18 The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes Human activities affect the global water cycle. The destruction of tropical rain forests reduces the amount of water vapor in the air.Pumping large amounts of groundwater to the surface for irrigation increases the rate of evaporation over land. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.18 Solar heat Net movementof water vaporby windWater vaporover the land Precipitationover the land Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation from the sea Water vapor over the sea Precipitation over the sea Oceans Flow of water from land to sea Surface water and groundwater
0 You should now be able to Define and distinguish between the different levels within ecosystems. Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.Summarize the subject and impact of Rachel Carson’s influential book Silent Spring. Describe the abiotic factors that influence life in the biosphere. Describe the adaptations that enable pronghorns to survive in the open plains and shrub deserts of North America. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 You should now be able to Explain how global climate patterns are influenced by solar energy input as well as the movement of Earth through space. Explain how landforms affect local climate.Explain why the seasons of the year, prevailing winds, and ocean currents exist. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the different ocean zones, adjacent aquatic biomes, and freshwater biomes. Describe the different types of freshwater biomes. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 You should now be able to Explain how the properties of a river change between its source and its outlet. Explain why species in widely separated biomes may have similar features.Explain why storms and fire are crucial factors in some biomes. Describe the characteristics used to define terrestrial biomes. Explain how all parts of the biosphere are linked by the global water cycle. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.UN01 Organismal ecology(individual) Populationecology(group ofindividualsof a species)Community ecology (all organisms in a particular area) Ecosystem ecology (all organisms and abiotic factors)
Figure 34.UN02 Equator
Figure 34.UN03_1 34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator. 34.10 Savannas are grasslandswith scattered trees.34.11 Deserts are defined bytheir dryness.
Figure 34.UN03_2 34.12 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral. 34.13 Temperate grasslandsinclude the North Americanprairie.34.14 Broadleaf trees dominatetemperate forests.
Figure 34.UN03_3 34.15 Coniferous forests are often dominated by a fewspecies of trees. 34.16 Long, bitter-cold winterscharacterize the tundra.34.17 Polar ice covers the landat high latitudes.
Figure 34.UN04 30 N 30S0
Figure 34.UN05 June solstice MarchequinoxDecembersolstice Septemberequinox Constant tilt of 23.5
Figure 34.UN06 Temperate zone TropicsTemperatezone
Figure 34.UN07 Mean annual temperature ( C) 150 15 100 200 300 400 f. e. d. c. b. a. Mean annual precipitation ( cm) 30