Ages 11 through 19 Objectives Analyze the physical development of adolescents ages 11 through 19 Analyze the cognitive development of adolescents ages 11 through 19 Analyze the socioemotional development of adolescents ages 11 through 19 ID: 583302
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Slide1Slide2
9
Adolescence
: Ages
11 through 19Slide3
Objectives
Analyze the physical development of adolescents ages 11 through 19.
Analyze the cognitive development of adolescents ages 11 through 19.
Analyze the socio-emotional development of adolescents ages 11 through 19.
continuedSlide4
Objectives
Compare and contrast various developmental theories relating to adolescents.
Identify developmentally appropriate guidance techniques for adolescents.
Examine factors contributing to independence.Slide5
Physical Characteristics and Growth
Adolescence
is the stage in life when humans
change from children to adultsChanges occur in height
, weight
, muscle development, and reproductive
organs
The
brain also changes in form and functionPhysical changes are the most apparent
continuedSlide6
Physical Characteristics and Growth
Puberty
is a period of development marked by growth spurts and
sexual maturationThese changes are signaled by the body’s pituitary
gland
The onset of puberty and the changes that occur during puberty happen at different times for everyone
continuedSlide7
Physical Characteristics and Growth
Growth spurts
are rapid changes in both height and weightFollowing the growth of hands and feet, the arms and legs increase in
size
This uneven
timing of growth is
asynchrony
Many other physical changes also occur during puberty
continuedSlide8
Physical Characteristics and Growth
Females increase in weight
considerably and often
reach their full height during the middle years of adolescenceMales
typically do not experience a
growth spurt
until around the age of
14
A male’s voice changes during the early teen years and frequent voice cracking occurs
continuedSlide9
Physical Characteristics and Growth
Adolescents are more responsible for their own food choices than in earlier life
Eating
regularly and following MyPlate can help adolescents
maintain proper
nutrition
The
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
suggest adolescents participate in 60 minutes of vigorous activity per day
continuedSlide10
Physical Characteristics and Growth
To maintain a healthy body weight, people must be in
energy
balanceMaintaining a healthy body weight through proper nutrition and physical
activity positively
affects physical and
socio-emotional well-being
continued
Energy Intake
Energy Balance
Energy OutputSlide11
Physical Characteristics and Growth
An
eating
disorder is a serious condition that involves abnormal eating patterns that can cause severe or life-threatening physical problemsPeople who have eating disorders need
professional help
to treat the
condition
continuedSlide12
Physical Characteristics and Growth
Anorexia nervosa
is the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that uses a bingeing and
purging
pattern
Binge-eating disorder
involves eating large amounts of food without taking any actions to reduce the amount of food intake
continuedSlide13
Physical Characteristics and Growth
Adolescents often need about
9–10 hours of sleep to feel
rested In addition to annual health and dental checkups, adolescents often have their first gynecological exam
A doctor may recommend
inoculations or
vaccinationsSlide14
What is adolescence?
the stage in life when humans go through the transforming process of changing from children to adults
What key bodily changes can be expected during puberty?
growth in height, weight gain, muscle growth, and sexual maturation
continuedSlide15
Define
energy balance.
How does energy balance relate to managing healthy weight?
To have energy balance, the intake of calories must equal the output of calories. When either side of this energy equation is unbalanced, body weight is affected. If the intake of calories is greater than the output of calories, a person will be overweight; if the intake of calories is less than the output of calories, a person will be underweight.
continuedSlide16
Describe three types of eating disorders.
anorexia nervosa—the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation; bulimia nervosa—the use of a bingeing and purging pattern to achieve thinness; binge-eating disorder—the consumption of large amounts of food without taking any actions to reduce the amount of food intake
continuedSlide17
What health exams are common during adolescence?
annual checkups, inoculations, genital exams, and dental exams
What are the final teeth to grow in the mouth? When do they typically surface?
the wisdom teeth, which surface in late adolescence Slide18
Cognitive Characteristics and Growth
Adolescents frequently
use
personal fable, a thinking pattern related to cognitive functionPersonal fable often
leads to the dangerous belief of being
invincible
Piaget believed the
formal operations
stage starts at the beginning of adolescence
continuedSlide19
Cognitive Characteristics and Growth
Adolescents
can reason
abstractly and use metacognitionThe brain of an adolescent is both physically and functionally different from the brain of a child or an adult
The
amygdala
develops early and the
prefrontal cortex
develops later
continuedSlide20
Cognitive Characteristics and Growth
Language
development continues to be important during
adolescenceAdolescents differ from children in the way they use metaphors
and
idioms
As language develops, so do reading and writing skills
continuedSlide21
Cognitive Characteristics and Growth
Adolescents
are able to make many
decisions on their ownThe decision-making process
involves
examining the issue,
analyzing alternatives
, and acting based on
evaluationThere are six steps involved with the decision-making process
continuedSlide22
Cognitive Characteristics and Growth
continued
The Decision-Making Process
Step
1.
Decide which decisions need to be made.
Step 2.
Think through all possible alternatives.
Step 3.
Evaluate each alternative carefully.
Step 4.
Select the best alternative.
Step 5.
Act.
Step 6.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the decision.Slide23
Cognitive Characteristics and Growth
The decision-making process can help in setting goals
Short-term
goals are goals that are achievable in the immediate to near futureLong-term goals
are major goals that may take months or even years
to achieve
continuedSlide24
Cognitive Characteristics and Growth
The
FCCLA planning process can
help identify, analyze, and execute a strategy to help set and meet a goalThe management of resources,
or items
available to reach or achieve a goal, is
crucial
Accepting responsibility for decisions is part of becoming independent
continuedSlide25
Cognitive Characteristics and Growth
Many
adolescents are in Kohlberg’s second level of moral development
, or conventional moralityThey are making moral decisions based on how others perceive them or
on respect for laws and regulationsSlide26
Describe how adolescents frequently resort to personal fable. What is the danger of resorting to personal fable?
They distort and inflate the opinion of themselves and their own importance. This leads to the belief of being invincible, which can cause adolescents to participate in high-risk activity that can be harmful and possibly result in death.
continuedSlide27
According to Piaget, what is the formal operations stage of cognitive development?
stage in which adolescents can reason abstractly
continuedSlide28
How is the brain development of an adolescent unique from a child or an adult?
The brain is full sized and larger than a child’s brain, but the connections and pathways between nerve cells are still developing. The
amygdala
, responsible for emotional reactions, develops early. The prefrontal cortex, that regulates emotions and impulse control, develops later.
continuedSlide29
What are the six steps of the decision-making process?
Decide which decision needs to be made. Think through all possible alternatives. Evaluate each alternative carefully. Select an alternative. Act. Evaluate the effectiveness of the decision.
continuedSlide30
How can the decision-making process and FCCLA planning process help meet short- and long-term goals?
by helping to identify, analyze, and execute a strategy to set and meet goals
According to Kohlberg’s theory, how do adolescents make moral decisions?
based on how others perceive them and respect for laws and regulationsSlide31
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
For adolescents, emotions ride
up and
downHormones contribute to the emotional rollercoaster, but the developing
brain also plays a
part
Adolescents’ focus is often on establishing an identity and becoming more independent
continuedSlide32
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
According
to
Erikson, the most important task of adolescence is the quest to establish identity and life
roles, which he termed
identity
versus identity
confusion
Adolescents often believe that everyone is watching themThis is called imaginary audience
continuedSlide33
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
As adolescents near
the end of this stage
, they are often more self-assured and have fewer
self-doubts
As adolescents become
independent and
develop self-identity, the transition can
be difficult for family members
continuedSlide34
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
During the middle
years of this stage
, adolescents tend to have the most conflict with parents and other adult authority figures
Parents often struggle with the parenting process
during adolescence
Becoming independent is an important part of establishing identity outside the family
continuedSlide35
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
Common
types of messages involved in parent-adolescent
communication areyou-messages
I-messages
we-messages
continued
©Golden Pixels LLC
/Shutterstock.comSlide36
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
Relationships
with peers continue to be important during the
adolescent yearsPopularity and the opinions of peers are
very important
Peer
pressure
is the influence a group of people has on an
individual in the same age group
continuedSlide37
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
Negative peer pressure also includes forms of
bullying
Cyberbullying is the harassment of others through a digital
medium
Adolescents
may face negative pressure from peers to use tobacco
, alcohol
, and drugs
continuedSlide38
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
Substance abuse
is the misuse of drugs to a toxic, dangerous level
Adolescents must learn the skills to direct their own
behaviors
This often
requires developing refusal
skills
Effectively using refusal skills requires confidence
continuedSlide39
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
Fitting
in and belonging to a group are very important in
adolescenceExtracurricular activities promote group interactions and have
a positive effect on social
skills
Career and technical student organizations (CTSOs)
allow students to demonstrate social skills
continuedSlide40
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
During
the adolescent years, dating becomes a fascinating, relevant
topicAlthough dating practices and customs differ, dating commonly happens in stages
Group dating
Casual or random dating
Steady dating
continuedSlide41
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
Some adolescents will begin to express romantic feelings in a physical manner
Engaging in sexual activity, however, can result in teen pregnancy and contracting STIs
To avoid pregnancy and STIs,
the
only form of contraception that is 100 percent effective is
abstinence
continuedSlide42
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
With
constant use of digital technology
, the media is a major part of daily lifeMedia influences may be direct or indirect
Text and instant messaging lets friends and family communicate with each other more frequently
continuedSlide43
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
Social
networking sites are also prominent and can be highly
influentialThey can positively and negatively influence self-identityWhen using the Internet, it is important to remember that posting images or content can have negative consequences
continuedSlide44
Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth
Depression and suicide are prevalent in the adolescent
years
Adolescent females may be twice as likely to experience depression as adolescent malesDepression may lead to
suicide
Speaking with a school guidance counselor
, therapist
, family member, or
friend can make a difference for struggling adolescentsSlide45
According to Erikson, what factors contribute to defining self-identity?
likes and dislikes, values and beliefs, educational and occupational goals, and role expectations
What methods can be used to improve the parent-teen relationship?
Expressing feelings openly and without placing blame can promote effective communication. Taking the time to understand the other’s point of view can ease stress for both parties.
continuedSlide46
How do social relationships change during adolescence?
Adolescents learn to feel at ease with those of the opposite gender, develop more mature friendship skills, and become comfortable with simply talking in addition to doing activities together. Electronic mediums become important forms of communication. Peer pressure can be an issue and can have devastating consequences.
continuedSlide47
Describe the different stages of dating.
group dating—peers attend or schedule activities in a mixed group setting; casual dating—two people spend time together in order to get to know each other; steady dating—the couple is exclusive and committed to each other
continuedSlide48
List six possible health risks involved with substance abuse.
cancer; heart, lung, and blood vessel damage; memory loss and other brain damage; delusional behavior; violence; death
List three factors that may contribute to depression in adolescence.
(List three:) a lack of friends, feelings of rejection from peers, financial problems, school struggles, being a victim of bullying, a perceived lack of parent supportSlide49
Special Needs
While some adolescents are preparing for independence and adulthood
, others
may need extra help and supportRecovery from physical disabilities requires therapy
People
with physical disabilities will need
to adjust
to new lifestyles
continuedSlide50
Special Needs
Teens with cognitive disabilities also
plan
for the transition from school to adulthoodAn Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
outlines
how
to
pursue goals after high school
Postsecondary education or occupational studiesEmploymentIndependent livingSlide51
How might a person obtain a physical disability that was not present in childhood?
a car accident, sports injury, natural disaster, or severe illness
continuedSlide52
How do different types of therapy help a person recover from a serious accident or injury?
Physical therapy offers treatment to an area through physical or mechanical strategies. Occupational therapy involves building strength by practicing everyday activities. Recreational therapy focuses on physical and socio-emotional health. Psychological therapy can help a person emotionally and mentally adjust to new challenges and life changes.
continuedSlide53
What steps are outlined in a teen’s Individualized Education Plan?
steps for the teen to pursue goals after high school, such as postsecondary education, occupational studies, employment, or independent living