Activator How do rocks relate to minerals? Rock vs Mineral? - PowerPoint Presentation

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Activator How do rocks relate to minerals? Rock vs Mineral? - PPT Presentation

Activator How do rocks relate to minerals Rock vs Mineral Decide if each object shown better represents a rock or a mineral Hold up the rock side or mineral side of your page Example Rock ID: 762167

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Activator How do rocks relate to minerals?

Rock vs Mineral? Decide if each object shown better represents a rock or a mineral. Hold up the rock side or mineral side of your page.Example:

Rock Why? It has more than one substance, the bristles and the handle

Chalk

Mineral It is only made up of one substance –the same throughout

Paperclip

Mineral It is only made of metal, and it looks the same throughout

Spiral Notebook

Rock It has more than one substance, the metal, spiral, and the paper.

White paper

Mineral It looks the same throughout and is all paper

Stapler

Rock It has more than one part. It has staples and the metal body.

Globe .

Rock It has metal and plastic

Spoon

Mineral It is all metal and looks the same throughout.

Building Background Atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds

Rock vs Mineral? felspar quartz mica hornblende granite

Rock vs Mineral The difference between rocks and minerals (clip)

Rocks can be big.

Rocks can be big. How large is this rock?

Rocks can be little

Rocks are inorganic (non-living)

Minerals Part One Flipped Lesson

Minerals Text pgs. 118-121 What are they?How do we identify them?Minerals must meet 5 criteria in order to be considered a mineral.

Option 1 - You will have to join the science class that your teacher has set up for you on Edpuzzle.com . Please join the appropriate class by entering your class code as described below. You are to watch the video and answer the questions posed throughout viewing. Due Tuesday, Jan. 5 by class time. https:// edpuzzle.com/join/lotizvo Period 1 https:// edpuzzle.com/join/geezuhu Period 2 https:// edpuzzle.com/join/vuododu Period 4 https:// edpuzzle.com/join/rujzeme Period 6/7

Option 2 - You will read text pgs.118-121in your Geology text. Answer questions 1-11 on your reading guide. Due Tuesday, Jan. 5 by class time.

Let’s see how well you did gathering your answers? The Big Ideas

The Big IDEAs

Minerals are… Formed naturally (occur in nature)

Minerals are… Made of materials that were never alive (inorganic)

Minerals are… Solids Have a definite shape and volume gold nuggets

Minerals have a… Definite chemical composition

Minerals are… Arranged in regular patterns and made of crystals (crystal structure)

One example – salt (halite) Using the handheld microscope, observe the crystal shapes of the salt on your desktop. What do you see? How does this happen? Sodium chloride is also known as table salt. It’s formula is NaCl . That’s one atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine. One sodium atom gives up an electron in its outer shell (giving it a negative charge) to the outer shell of the chlorine atom (creating a positive charge). The unlike charges are attracted in an ionic bond. This creates a stable molecule.

What does this look like?

Let’s build! Using the ingredients given by your teacher, construct an molecule of sodium chloride. It’s formula is NaCl. What does this mean? Now join your atom to at least six other classmates. Hint: You should start to see the formation of a familiar shape.

How close could you get?

Some minerals are metals . Aluminum Gold

Some examples of minerals are

So what’s the deal with Mercury ?

Depends on who you ask. Mercury is officially classified as a mineral for historical reasons, and because it is distinctive in its chemical and physical properties. However, because it occurs as a liquid, it does not satisfy the normal criteria to be a valid mineral. It crystallizes at -40 degrees celsius , at which point is forms rhombohedral crystals. It is usually found as small isolated drops associated with cinnabar, but it can also be found as large liquid masses in rock cavities. Mercury is often found, along with cinnabar and other Hg minerals, as a precipitate from hot springs and in volcanic regions. Because of its rarity, it is not often used as an ore of mercury . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)

Water or Ice? Mineral or Not? http://geology.com/articles/water-mineral/Is water a mineral?If we compare the properties of water to the five requirements of the mineral definition, we find that it fails to qualify as a mineral. Water is a liquid so it does not meet requirement #3 - being a solid. However, at temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius water becomes the solid material that we call "ice" Is ice a mineral? If we compare the properties of ice to the five requirements of the mineral definition, we find that it clearly meets the last four. However, requirement #1 presents a problem. A natural snowflake would be considered to be a mineral because it forms naturally in Earth's atmosphere. However an ice cube made in a refrigerator would not be considered a mineral because it was produced by the actions of people. So, ice is a mineral when it forms naturally but it is not a mineral when people play a role in producing it .

Minerals form from… Melted Materials Dissolved in a liquid

Summarize What are minerals GO key

Your Turn Using what you have learned about the five criteria used to identify minerals, decide if each of the following is an example of a mineral or not

Petroleum (oil)

Not a mineral! Not a solid (usually found as a liquid) Made from organic matter (dead sea plants and microscopic animals) Naturally- occuring (found in nature) Made of hydrocarbons (chemical composition of hydrogen and carbon) No crystal structure

Sea Glass

Not a mineral! Made from weathered glass discarded in oceanDoes not occur naturally Crystals make up glass Inorganic Solid Chemical composition is SiO2

Sulfur

Is a Mineral! Occurs naturally (volcanic activity) Solid at room temperature Definite chemical composition (S – pure element) Crystal shape when forming (orthorhombic) I norganic

Brass

Not a Mineral! Solid Made up of two minerals (alloy of copper and zinc) Crystal structure of minerals that are in it Does not occur naturally Chemical composition can vary according to desired properties Inorganic (not living)

sand

It is a mineral! Made up of silicon and oxygen SiO 2 (elements) definite chemical composition Also known as quartz Crystal structure Solid Naturally-occurs I norganic

Need more review?

Review! Rock: A grouping of minerals Mineral: Minerals are natural inorganic (non-living) solids that join together (crystals) to make unique compositions. Neither: Not either; not one or the other. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

1 Rock

2 Mineral

3 Rock

4 Neither Not real

6 Salt Mineral

Table Salt (NaCl) under electron microscope on pretzel is a mineral.

7 Mineral

8 Rock

9 Mineral

10 Mineral

Part Two Text pgs. 121-126 How do we identify minerals?

Option 1 - You will have to join the science class that your teacher has set up for you on Edpuzzle.com . Please join the appropriate class by entering your class code as described below. You are to watch the video and answer the questions posed throughout viewing. Due Thursday, Jan. 7 by class time. https:// edpuzzle.com/join/lotizvo Period 1 https:// edpuzzle.com/join/geezuhu Period 2 https:// edpuzzle.com/join/vuododu Period 4 https:// edpuzzle.com/join/rujzeme Period 6/7

Option 2 - You will read text pgs.121-126 in your Geology text. Answer questions 12-25 on your reading guide. Due Thursday, Jan. 7 by class time.

Properties of Minerals Each mineral has its own specific properties that can be used to identify it. You may need to conduct some tests to identify the mineral.

Scientists classify , or group and describe, minerals in many ways. They classify minerals by color, luster, texture, hardness, and streak.

The color (physical property) of the mineral depends on the chemicals in them. galena malachite vanadinite sulfur C O L O R

Luster is the amount of light reflected from the mineral’s surface (how shiny it is). Quartz has a glassy luster. It looks like glass. L U S T E R

Magnetite and Purpurite have a metallic luster. They look like shiny metal. L U S T E R

Peridot has a waxy luster. It looks as if it is covered with wax. L U S T E R

Kaolinite has a dull luster. It does not reflect much light, and is not very shiny. L U S T E R

Texture describes how a mineral feels . Minerals may be rough, smooth, bumpy, or soapy. Can you guess which mineral has each texture? Copper - ??? Gold - ??? Calcite - ??? Peridot - ??? T E X T U R E

Copper - SMOOTH Gold - BUMPY Calcite - ROUGH Peridot - SOAPY T E X T U R E

All minerals are hard, but some are harder than others. Scientists test the hardness of a mineral by trying to scratch it. Scientists use the Mohs Hardness Scale (1-10) to rate a mineral’s hardness. Minerals at the top of the scale are soft and easy to scratch. Those at the bottom are hard and difficult to scratch. H A R D N E S S Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase/ Feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond

Diamonds are the hardest minerals. It is almost impossible to scratch a diamond. Talc is the softest mineral. You can scratch it with your fingernail. Apatite and feldspar have medium hardnesses . Diamond – the hardest mineral talc – the softest mineral apatite feldspar H A R D N E S S

Some minerals leave a trail, or streak, when rubbed on a hard surface. Scientists classify minerals by the color of their powder . Hematite leaves a red-brown streak. S T R E A K

Crystal Systems The crystals of each mineral from atom by atom to form the mineral’s crystal structure. Geologists classify these structures into six groups based on the number and angle of the crystal faces. Group - Example Cubic - Magnetitie Hexagonal - Quartz Tetragonal – Rutile Orthorhombic - Sulfur Monoclinic - Azurite Triclinic – Microcline Feldspar

Carbon Graphite

Carbon Graphite Carbon Diamond

Activity! Create a human crystal. Teacher assigns students one at a time to create some form of atomic structure by laying on the floor and using your arms and legs to form atomic bonds in a crystal.

Activity! Create a human crystal. Teacher assigns students one at a time to create some form of atomic structure by laying on the floor and using your arms and legs to form atomic bonds in a crystal. Structure of a diamond

Cleavage and Fracture A mineral that splits easily along flat surfaces has the property of cleavage.

Fracture Fracture describes how a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way

Density is the mass in a given space divided by its volume . No matter what the size of a mineral sample, its density is always the same . image © Ra’ike , CC-SA license D E N S I T Y

Specific Gravity a mineral’s density in water is known as its specific gravity at a certain temperature

Examples The specific gravity of gold is 19.3 g/cm3 Aluminum’s specific gravity is 2.70 g/cm3

Special Properties Fluorescence – reacts to ultraviolet light Magnetic attraction Reacts to an acid Radioactive, Conducts electricity, etc.

Why is it important to learn about minerals? Minerals are made as part of the Earth’s constructive process. We use these minerals in many ways in our daily lives.

Are minerals a renewable (able to be replaced in a short amount of time)resource? Why or why not? No, it can take many years to replace the minerals as part of the Earth’s constructive process.

Part Three How do minerals form? text pgs. 128-132

More about how minerals form In general, minerals can form in two ways : through crystallization of melted materials and through crystallization of materials dissolved in a liquid. The process through which atoms are arranged to from a material with a crystal structure is referred to as crystallization.

Minerals from Magma Minerals form as hot magma cools inside the Earth’s crust or as lava hardens on the surface. When liquids cool to a solid state, they form crystals. The size of the crystal depends on several factors: the rate at which magma cools, the amount of gas the magma contains, and the chemical composition of the magma all affect crystal size. When magma/lava cools slowly deep in the Earth’s surface, large crystals form. When magma/lava cools quickly , small crystals form.

Minerals from hot water solutions time lapse of growing crystal Sometimes minerals dissolve in solutions. A solution is a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another. When a hot water solution begins to cool, the elements and compounds leave the solution and begin to crystallize as minerals. Pure metals that crystallize underground form veins. A vein is a narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is different from the rock surrounding it. Often these mineral form where tectonic plates spread apart forming chimneys along the mid-ocean ridge. Other minerals can be seen when the solution evaporates. One example of this is the mineral halite (salt).

Part Four How do we use minerals?

Mineral Resources Text pgs. 134-139 Minerals are the sources of metals, gemstones, and other materials used to make many products that we use today.

What is an ore? A rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral is called an ore . Most metals do not occur in pure form. A metal usually occurs as a mineral in a combination of metal and other elements. Much of the world’s copper is found in an ore containing the mineral chalcopyrite. They must be separated from their other elements in the ore. Bauxite is an ore for aluminum.

Smelting Ores must be processed before the metals they contain can be used. After miners remove ore from a mine, smelting is necessary to remove the metal from the ore. In the process of smelting, an ore is melted to separate the useful metal from the other elements the ore contains. After smelting, additional processing may be needed to get rid of impurities. One example is the creation of steel, an alloy – a solid mixture of two or more metals. How steel is made

Get ready to Rock!