ECOLOGY You are linked to everything. - PowerPoint Presentation

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ECOLOGY

You are linked to everything.

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34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels

Ecology

is the scientific study of the _______________ of organisms and the environment.

Organisms can potentially be affected by many different variables, grouped into two major types.

​

Biotic factors

​

Abiotic factors

An organism’

s

habitat

includes the biotic and abiotic factors present in its surroundings.

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34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels

Ecologists study interactions at several levels.

organism

population

,

community

,

ecosystem

,

biomes,

biosphere

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34.3 Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere

To be successful, organisms must be adapted to the abiotic factors present in their environments.

Major factors include

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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34.6 Sunlight and substrate are key factors in the distribution of marine organisms- Aquatic Biomes

Within the oceans are the

pelagic realm

,

benthic realm

,

aphotic zone

,

photic zone.

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34.6 Sunlight and substrate are key factors in the distribution of marine organisms- Aquatic Biomes

The marine environment also includes distinctive biomes where the ocean interfaces with land or with fresh water.

Intertidal zones

Estuaries

Wetlands

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High tide

Low tide

Sea star

Pelagic realm (open water from surface to bottom)

Man-of-war

Oarweed

Brain coral

Microscopic

phytoplankton

Blue shark

Turtle

Photiczone

200 m

Intertidalzone

Continentalshelf

Sea pen

Sponges

Sperm whale

Octopus

Sea spider

Rat-tail fish

Hatchet fish

Gulper eel

Anglerfish

“Twilight”

Aphoticzone

1,000 m

Benthic realm(seafloor from continentalshelf to deep-sea bottom)

Brittle star

Glass sponge

No light

Sea cucumber Tripod fish

6,000–

10,000 m

Microscopic

zooplankton

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34.7 Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes

Freshwater biomes fall into two broad categories:

Standing water biomes (lakes and ponds) and

flowing water biomes (rivers and streams).

Because these biomes are embedded in terrestrial landscapes, their characteristics are intimately connected with the soils and organisms of the ecosystems that surround them.

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34.8 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate

Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into 9 major types of biomes, distinguished primarily by their predominant vegetation.

The geographic distribution of plants, and thus of terrestrial biomes, largely depends

-

-

The same type of biome may occur in geographically distant places if the climate is similar.

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34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator

Tropical forests

occur in equatorial areas,

experience warm temperatures and days that are 11–12 hours long year-round, and

have variable rainfall.

Tropical rain forests harbor enormous numbers of species. Large-scale human destruction of tropical rain forests continues to endanger many species.

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Tropical forests

Savannas

Deserts

Chaparral

Temperate grasslands

Temperate broadleaf forests

Coniferous forests

Tundra

Polar ice

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34.18 The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes

Ecological subdivisions such as biomes are not self-contained units. All parts of the biosphere are linked by

the global water cycle and

nutrient cycles.

Precipitation, evaporation, and

transpiration

(evaporative water loss from plants) continuously move water between the land, oceans, and atmosphere.

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Solar heat causes

evaporation

Net movementof water vaporby wind

Condensationof water vaporover the sea

Condensationof water vaporover the land

Evaporationfrom the sea

Evaporationfrom land andsurface water

Transpiration

Precipitationover the land

Surface runoff

Oceans

Flow of waterfrom land to sea

Groundwater

Precipitationover the sea

Evaporationfrom the sea

Evaporation

from land and

surface water

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BIOMES – ECOSYSTEMS - COMMUNITIES - POPULATIONS

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36.1 Population ecology is the study of how and why populations change

A

population

is a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area.

Population ecology

is concerned with

changes in _______________________and

________________that regulate populations over time.

Populations

increase through ________________________to an area and

decrease through _______________________out of an area.

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36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables

Population density

is the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume.

Within a population’

s geographic range, local densities may vary greatly.

The

dispersion pattern

of a population refers to the way individuals are spaced within their area-

clumped dispersion pattern

uniform dispersion pattern

random dispersion pattern

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36.3 Life tables track survivorship in populations

Life tables track survivorship, the chance of an individual in a given population surviving to various ages.

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Survivorship curves plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age.The three types of survivorship curves reflect differences in species’ reproduction and mortality.

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36.4 Idealized models predict patterns of population growth

Exponential growth model

shows

an accelerating increase that occurs when growth is unlimited.

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36.4 Idealized models predict patterns of population growth

The

logistic growth model

represents the slowing of population growth as a result of limiting factors and the leveling off at

carrying capacity

(the number of individuals the environment can support).

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36.5 Multiple factors may limit population growth

Most populations are probably regulated by a mixture of factors and fluctuations in numbers are common.

Density-dependent factors

Density-independent factors

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36.6 Some populations have “

boom-and-bust” cycles

Some populations of insects, birds, and mammals undergo dramatic fluctuations in density with remarkable regularity. “Booms” characterized by rapid exponential growth are followed by “busts,” during which the population falls back to a minimal level.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

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36.7 Evolution shapes life histories

Natural selection shapes a species’

life history

, the series of events from birth through reproduction to death.

Populations with

r

-selected

life history traits

Populations with

K

-selected

traits

Most species fall between these extremes.

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37.1 A community includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area

In the hierarchy of life, a population is a group of interacting individuals of a particular species.

The next step up is a biological

community

, an assemblage of all the populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction.

Community ecology is concerned with factors that influence the species composition of communities and with factors that affect community dynamics.

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37.2 Interspecific interactions are fundamental to community structure

Competition

Mutualism

Predation

Herbivory

Parasitism

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37.3 Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited

An

ecological _______

is the sum of an organism’

s use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.

Interspecific competition occurs when the niches of two populations overlap and both populations need a resource that is in short supply.

In general, competition lowers the carrying capacity for competing populations because the resources used by one population are not available to the other population.

In some situations, one population will be driven to extinction.

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Quaternary

consumers

Hawk

Killer whale

Tertiaryconsumers

Snake

Secondaryconsumers

Mouse

Primaryconsumers

Grasshopper

Producers

Plant

A terrestrialfood chain

Tuna

Herring

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

An aquaticfood chain

Interspecific Interaction

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Red-tailed

hawk

Secondary andtertiary consumer

Elf owl

Westerndiamondback

Secondary, tertiary,and quaternaryconsumer

Gilawoodpecker

Prayingmantis

Secondaryconsumer

Grasshoppermouse

Primary andsecondaryconsumer

Collared lizard

Primaryconsumer

Harris’santelopesquirrel

Primaryconsumer

Grasshopper

Harvesterants

Desertkangaroo rat

Prickly pearcactus

Mesquite

Producers (plants)

Brittlebush

Saguaro

cactus

From

Producers

Nutrient Transfer

To

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

Quaternary consumers

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

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37.10 Species diversity includes species richness and relative abundance

Species diversity

is defined by two components:

species richness, the number of different species in a community, andrelative abundance, the proportional representation of a species in a community.

The diversity of a community can be described in 2 ways…

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37.11 Some species have a disproportionate impact on diversity

A keystone species, a species whose impact on its community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates and that occupies a niche that holds the rest of its community in place.

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37.12 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities

Disturbances

are events that damage biological communities and include:

Small-scale disturbances often have positive effects. However, communities change drastically following a severe disturbance that strips away vegetation and removes significant amounts of soil.

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The ecological benefits of wildland fires often outweigh their negative effects.

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37.12 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities

Ecological succession

is a transition in species composition of a community.

Primary succession

Secondary succession

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37.13 Invasive species can devastate communities

Invasive speciesare organisms that have been introduced into non-native habitats by human actions andhave established themselves at the expense of native communities.can be plants, animals, and other organisms (e.g., microbes). The absence of natural enemies often allows rapid population growth of invasive species.

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37.23 Ecosystem services are essential to human well-being

Humans rely upon natural ecosystems to

supply fresh water and some foods,

recycle nutrients,

decompose wastes, and

regulate climate and air quality.

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37.23 Ecosystem services are essential to human well-being

Wetlands

buffer coastal populations against tidal waves and hurricanes,

reduce the impact of flooding rivers, and

filter pollutants.

Natural vegetation helps to

retain fertile soil and

prevent landslides and mudslides.

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37.23 Ecosystem services are essential to human well-being

Currently the focus is…..

sustainability.

The goal of is to developing, managing, and conserving Earth’s resources in ways that meet the needs of people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

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You should now be able to- Ch 34

Define and distinguish between the different levels within ecosystems.

Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.

Describe the abiotic factors that influence life in the biosphere.

Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the different ocean zones, adjacent aquatic biomes, and freshwater biomes.

Describe the different types of freshwater biomes. Describe the characteristics used to define terrestrial biomes.

Explain how all parts of the biosphere are linked by the global water cycle.

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You should now be able to- Ch 36

Define a population and population ecology.

Define population density and describe different types of dispersion patterns.

Explain how life tables are used to track mortality and survivorship in populations.

Compare the three types of survivorship curves.

Describe and compare the exponential and logistic population growth models, illustrating both with examples.

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Explain the concept of carrying capacity.

Describe the factors that regulate growth in natural populations.

Define boom-and-bust cycles, explain why they occur, and provide examples.

Explain how life history traits vary with environmental conditions and with population density.

Compare

r

-selection and

K

-selection and indicate examples of each.

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You should now be able to- Ch 37

Define a biological community. Explain why the study of community ecology is important.

Define interspecific competition, mutualism, predation, herbivory, and parasitism and provide examples.

Define an ecological niche. Explain how interspecific competition can occur when the niches of two populations overlap.

Identify and compare the trophic levels of terrestrial and aquatic food chains.

Explain how food chains interconnect to form food webs.

Describe two components of species diversity.

Define a keystone species.

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You should now be able to

Explain how disturbances can benefit communities. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.

Explain how invasive species can affect communities.