evolving for 1500 years and counting What is English English is a member of the Germanic language group which includes German Dutch Flemish Danish Swedish and Norwegian Old English ID: 724253
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Slide1
The English Language
A Living Language:
evolving for 1500 years and countingSlide2Slide3
What is English?
English
is a member of the
Germanic language group
, which includes German, Dutch, Flemish, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian.
Old English
450-1100
Middle English
1100-1500
Modern English
1500-Slide4
pre-English
Who?
When?
Where?
Why?Slide5
pre-English:
Celtic and Latin
on the Island of Britain
bronze age to 449 CESlide6
Celtic cultural change in Europe Slide7
The Celts
Celtic
first Indo-European tongue to be spoken in England
Celts came to England with the introduction of bronze to the island
two branches: Gaelic and
Cymric
(Britannic)Slide8
surviving Celtic cultures in Great Britain
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
CornwallSlide9
The Romans
Latin
In the summer of 55 B.C., Julius Caesar, having completed the conquest of Gaul, decided to invade England, but the resistance of the natives was unexpectedly spirited.
Not until A.D. 43 did the Romans undertake the actual conquest of England, led by the Emperor Claudius. Again, the natives revolted, under the direction of the widow of one of the native chiefs; thousands of Romans and Romanized Britons were slaughtered.
The Romans set up a stone wall stretching across England, separating themselves from Wales and Scotland, and ruled there for more than
three hundred years.
During that time, Christianity
began
to take hold on the island.
Though Latin was used in England during this time period, it was confined to members of the upper classes and the inhabitants of the cities and towns. Thus, it was not sufficiently widespread to cause it to survive the Germanic invasions.Slide10
Roman Empire
117 CESlide11
Roman BritainSlide12
transformation to
Old English
Who?
When?
Where?
Why?Slide13
Old English
450-1100 CESlide14
migration of Germanic Tribes: Angles, Saxons, & Jutes
449 CESlide15
Yikes! The Barbarians!
Anglo-Saxon
Germanic tribes (the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles), the founders of the English nation, began the invasion of Britain in 449.
For over a hundred years, bands of conquerors and settlers migrated from the region of Denmark and the Low Countries and established themselves in the south and east of the island, driving out the Romans in 410 and forcing the Celts to seek refuge in Wales.
Danes and Vikings
Because of scarcity of land at home and depletion of fishing waters, Vikings and Danes began arriving in the ninth century.
They looted and plundered and waged war with the Anglo-Saxons.
Alfred the Great resisted their attacks and forced a truce. England was divided between the two groups.
Eventually, they settled down and assimilated into the population. Slide16
Anglo-Saxon
Kingdoms
600 CESlide17
Anglo-Saxon
Kingdoms
830 CESlide18
Anglo-Saxon social hierarchy
e
oldermen
& thanes
kings (5 kingdoms)
freemen
b
ondsmen & slavesSlide19
Dane & Viking Raids
790-1090 CESlide20
Alfred the Great
King of
Wessex
& unifier of Anglo-Saxons
871-899 CESlide21
England after the Treaty of
Wedmore
879-880 CESlide22
British Isles
885 CESlide23
evolution to
Middle English
Who?
When?
Where?
Why?Slide24
Middle English
1100-1500 CESlide25
William the Conqueror
King of England & Duke of Normandy
1066-1087 CESlide26
The Normans
French
The Norman (Germanic/Viking heritage; Norman from North Men) Conquest in 1066 had a greater effect on the English language than any other in the course of its history. Without the intervention of French into the language, English would have retained its Germanic inflections and vocabulary.
The French ruling class maintained the use of French for over two hundred years, though the middle and lower classes continued to cling to English. Only those living in town and cities had extensive exposure to French.
The Battle of Hastings, on October 12, 1066, completely changed the course of the development of the English language. Slide27
Norman Conquest
1066 CESlide28
territory of William the Conqueror
1087 CESlide29
Norman-French Feudalism
King
peasants
nobility & knightsSlide30
King John
Magna
Carta
1215 CESlide31
The Magna Carta
Magna
Carta
is an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin and is known by its Latin name. The usual English translation of
Magna
Carta
is
Great Charter
.
Magna
Carta
required King John of England to proclaim certain rights (pertaining to freemen), respect certain legal procedures, and accept that his will could be bound by the law. It explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or fettered — and implicitly supported what became the writ of
habeas corpus
, allowing appeal against unlawful imprisonment.
Magna
Carta
was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law today in the English speaking world. Magna
Carta
influenced the development of the common law and many constitutional documents, including the United States Constitution.Slide32
marker at the port of WeymouthSlide33
Black Plague
in England
1348-1350 CESlide34
Black Plague in EuropeSlide35
Society after the Black Plague
King
lower class
(laborers)
nobility & knights
middle class
(skilled workers)Slide36
Old English makes a comeback…
After King John lost Normandy in 1204, English nobles (of French origin) began to choose England over France and see themselves as English instead of French.
French continued to be used for another hundred years in the courts, supported by social custom. However, the upper class began using English for other purposes and occasions.
The rise of the middle class and the increasing importance of the laboring class (due to the effects of the Black Death in 1348-1350) heightened the prominence of English.
The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453), when the French—and the language—became enemies of England, was the final nail the coffin of the reign of the French language in England.Slide37
but has been transformed to Middle English.
After the Norman Invasion, introducing the French speakers of a polysyllabic Latinate (L) language, English was forever changed, but thanks to the conqueror, he let the more monosyllabic Anglo-Saxon remain with his language. Result: a richer, more varied English language.
Examples: Both are used today, one is AS and one is Latinate:
go up (AS) - ascend (L)
eat (AS) - dine (L)
hill (AS) - mountain (L)
go down (AS) descend (L)
The AS called dinner "eat time." The
Latinates
said, No, that's "dinner."Slide38
Hundred Years’ War:
England vs. France
1337-1443Slide39
Hundred Years’ War:
England vs. France
1337-1443Slide40
evolution to
Modern English
Who/What?
When?
Where?
Why?Slide41
Modern English
1500-present CESlide42
Printing
Press
Johannes Gutenberg
invented it, but
William
Caxton brought it to England in
1476Slide43
The Renaissance 1485-1660
We now are experiencing a gradual shift from Middle English to Modern English.
Rediscovery and reevaluation of Ancient Greece and Rome (whose eras occurred at least 1500 years before the Renaissance) = new use of Latin and Greek in academics.
The invention of the printing press causes Modern English to become standardized; more literacySlide44
Renaissance Trade RoutesSlide45
Exploration
& ColonizationSlide46
The Tudors
First King Henry VIII, then Queen Elizabeth I worked at establishing a strong British Navy. When the British Royal Navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, Britain became, in essence, the ruler of the seas. Slide47
British Empire
1713 CESlide48
British Empire
1850 CESlide49
Now… on to our etymology
Old English words
fear
forgive
glad
guilt
hate
love
pride
Sad
fat
good
kind
lean
old
strong
mean
weak
Young
cook
drink
eat
fight
help
live
rise
walk
work
ax
bed
boot
bowl
candle
clothing
dish
pot
sword
bird
calf
cat
chicken
cow
deer
dog
sheep
swine
Middle English
chivalry
entertain
feast
honor
hospitality
poet
present
romance
bacon
beef
mutton
pork
poultry
Veal
venison
county
court
imprison
judge
mayor
pardon
statute
treason
tax
armor
army
battalion
battle
castle
general
siege
soldier
alms
altar
minister
prayer
preach
salvation
sermon
virtueSlide50
antibiotic
asteroid
bacteria
laser
nuclear
oxygen
penicillin
protein
titanium
vaccine
airplane
byte
computer
elevator
horsepower
microchip
nylon
scuba
stereo
telescope
encyclopedia
essay
geography
hypothesis
museum
pedant
psychology
pundit
seminar
statistics
thesaurus
bangle
canoe
khaki
kiwi
moonshine
mustang
orangutan
pajamas
persimmon
tomato
Modern English