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The English Language A Living Language: The English Language A Living Language:

The English Language A Living Language: - PowerPoint Presentation

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The English Language A Living Language: - PPT Presentation

evolving for 1500 years and counting What is English English is a member of the Germanic language group which includes German Dutch Flemish Danish Swedish and Norwegian Old English ID: 724253

england english language french english england french language amp king middle magna carta anglo class germanic modern 1500 years

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Slide1

The English Language

A Living Language:

evolving for 1500 years and countingSlide2
Slide3

What is English?

English

is a member of the

Germanic language group

, which includes German, Dutch, Flemish, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian.

Old English

450-1100

Middle English

1100-1500

Modern English

1500-Slide4

pre-English

Who?

When?

Where?

Why?Slide5

pre-English:

Celtic and Latin

on the Island of Britain

bronze age to 449 CESlide6

Celtic cultural change in Europe Slide7

The Celts

Celtic

first Indo-European tongue to be spoken in England

Celts came to England with the introduction of bronze to the island

two branches: Gaelic and

Cymric

(Britannic)Slide8

surviving Celtic cultures in Great Britain

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

CornwallSlide9

The Romans

Latin

In the summer of 55 B.C., Julius Caesar, having completed the conquest of Gaul, decided to invade England, but the resistance of the natives was unexpectedly spirited.

Not until A.D. 43 did the Romans undertake the actual conquest of England, led by the Emperor Claudius. Again, the natives revolted, under the direction of the widow of one of the native chiefs; thousands of Romans and Romanized Britons were slaughtered.

The Romans set up a stone wall stretching across England, separating themselves from Wales and Scotland, and ruled there for more than

three hundred years.

During that time, Christianity

began

to take hold on the island.

Though Latin was used in England during this time period, it was confined to members of the upper classes and the inhabitants of the cities and towns. Thus, it was not sufficiently widespread to cause it to survive the Germanic invasions.Slide10

Roman Empire

117 CESlide11

Roman BritainSlide12

transformation to

Old English

Who?

When?

Where?

Why?Slide13

Old English

450-1100 CESlide14

migration of Germanic Tribes: Angles, Saxons, & Jutes

449 CESlide15

Yikes! The Barbarians!

Anglo-Saxon

Germanic tribes (the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles), the founders of the English nation, began the invasion of Britain in 449.

For over a hundred years, bands of conquerors and settlers migrated from the region of Denmark and the Low Countries and established themselves in the south and east of the island, driving out the Romans in 410 and forcing the Celts to seek refuge in Wales.

 

Danes and Vikings

Because of scarcity of land at home and depletion of fishing waters, Vikings and Danes began arriving in the ninth century.

They looted and plundered and waged war with the Anglo-Saxons.

Alfred the Great resisted their attacks and forced a truce. England was divided between the two groups.

Eventually, they settled down and assimilated into the population. Slide16

Anglo-Saxon

Kingdoms

600 CESlide17

Anglo-Saxon

Kingdoms

830 CESlide18

Anglo-Saxon social hierarchy

e

oldermen

& thanes

kings (5 kingdoms)

freemen

b

ondsmen & slavesSlide19

Dane & Viking Raids

790-1090 CESlide20

Alfred the Great

King of

Wessex

& unifier of Anglo-Saxons

871-899 CESlide21

England after the Treaty of

Wedmore

879-880 CESlide22

British Isles

885 CESlide23

evolution to

Middle English

Who?

When?

Where?

Why?Slide24

Middle English

1100-1500 CESlide25

William the Conqueror

King of England & Duke of Normandy

1066-1087 CESlide26

The Normans

French

The Norman (Germanic/Viking heritage; Norman from North Men) Conquest in 1066 had a greater effect on the English language than any other in the course of its history. Without the intervention of French into the language, English would have retained its Germanic inflections and vocabulary.

The French ruling class maintained the use of French for over two hundred years, though the middle and lower classes continued to cling to English. Only those living in town and cities had extensive exposure to French.

The Battle of Hastings, on October 12, 1066, completely changed the course of the development of the English language. Slide27

Norman Conquest

1066 CESlide28

territory of William the Conqueror

1087 CESlide29

Norman-French Feudalism

King

peasants

nobility & knightsSlide30

King John

Magna

Carta

1215 CESlide31

The Magna Carta

Magna

Carta

is an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin and is known by its Latin name. The usual English translation of

Magna

Carta

is

Great Charter

.

Magna

Carta

required King John of England to proclaim certain rights (pertaining to freemen), respect certain legal procedures, and accept that his will could be bound by the law. It explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or fettered — and implicitly supported what became the writ of

habeas corpus

, allowing appeal against unlawful imprisonment.

Magna

Carta

was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law today in the English speaking world. Magna

Carta

influenced the development of the common law and many constitutional documents, including the United States Constitution.Slide32

marker at the port of WeymouthSlide33

Black Plague

in England

1348-1350 CESlide34

Black Plague in EuropeSlide35

Society after the Black Plague

King

lower class

(laborers)

nobility & knights

middle class

(skilled workers)Slide36

Old English makes a comeback…

After King John lost Normandy in 1204, English nobles (of French origin) began to choose England over France and see themselves as English instead of French.

French continued to be used for another hundred years in the courts, supported by social custom. However, the upper class began using English for other purposes and occasions.

The rise of the middle class and the increasing importance of the laboring class (due to the effects of the Black Death in 1348-1350) heightened the prominence of English.

The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453), when the French—and the language—became enemies of England, was the final nail the coffin of the reign of the French language in England.Slide37

but has been transformed to Middle English.

After the Norman Invasion, introducing the French speakers of a polysyllabic Latinate (L) language, English was forever changed, but thanks to the conqueror, he let the more monosyllabic Anglo-Saxon remain with his language. Result: a richer, more varied English language.

Examples: Both are used today, one is AS and one is Latinate:

go up (AS) - ascend (L)

eat (AS) - dine (L)

hill (AS) - mountain (L)

go down (AS)  descend (L)

The AS called dinner "eat time." The

Latinates

said, No, that's "dinner."Slide38

Hundred Years’ War:

England vs. France

1337-1443Slide39

Hundred Years’ War:

England vs. France

1337-1443Slide40

evolution to

Modern English

Who/What?

When?

Where?

Why?Slide41

Modern English

1500-present CESlide42

Printing

Press

Johannes Gutenberg

invented it, but

William

Caxton brought it to England in

1476Slide43

The Renaissance 1485-1660

We now are experiencing a gradual shift from Middle English to Modern English.

Rediscovery and reevaluation of Ancient Greece and Rome (whose eras occurred at least 1500 years before the Renaissance) = new use of Latin and Greek in academics.

The invention of the printing press causes Modern English to become standardized; more literacySlide44

Renaissance Trade RoutesSlide45

Exploration

& ColonizationSlide46

The Tudors

First King Henry VIII, then Queen Elizabeth I worked at establishing a strong British Navy. When the British Royal Navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, Britain became, in essence, the ruler of the seas. Slide47

British Empire

1713 CESlide48

British Empire

1850 CESlide49

Now… on to our etymology

Old English words

fear

forgive

glad

guilt

hate

love

pride

Sad

fat

good

kind

lean

old

strong

mean

weak

Young

cook

drink

eat

fight

help

live

rise

walk

work

ax

bed

boot

bowl

candle

clothing

dish

pot

sword

bird

calf

cat

chicken

cow

deer

dog

sheep

swine

Middle English

chivalry

entertain

feast

honor

hospitality

poet

present

romance

 

  

bacon

beef

mutton

pork

poultry

Veal

venison

 

county

court

imprison

judge

mayor

pardon

statute

treason

tax

 

armor

army

battalion

battle

castle

general

siege

soldier

 

 

alms

altar

minister

prayer

preach

salvation

sermon

virtueSlide50

antibiotic

asteroid

bacteria

laser

nuclear

oxygen

penicillin

protein

titanium

vaccine

 

 

 

airplane

byte

computer

elevator

horsepower

microchip

nylon

scuba

stereo

telescope

 

  

encyclopedia

essay

geography

hypothesis

museum

pedant

psychology

pundit

seminar

statistics

thesaurus

 

  

bangle

canoe

khaki

kiwi

moonshine

mustang

orangutan

pajamas

persimmon

tomato

Modern English