208 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions What are the functions of the digestive system How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate ID: 913023
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2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Slide22.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive systemEssential questionsWhat are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
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Slide3Understand the functions of the digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
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Slide4Understand the functions of the digestive system2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
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Physically breakdown
food into smaller pieces
Chemically breakdown
food into end products of fat, protein and carbohydrates
Absorb
nutrients
Eliminate
waste products of digestion
Slide5Functions of the digestive systemMouth (Buccal
cavity
)
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Slide6Functions of the digestive systemTeethFood is mechanically digested by cutting, ripping and grinding action of teeth (physical breakdown
)
Mastication= process of chewing
Shape of tooth is related to functionIncisor – biting, cutting into Cuspids
– ripping, tearingBicuspids – grindingMolars – grinding
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Slide7Functions of the digestive systemSalivary glandsSecrete saliva which contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase
Saliva starts
chemical digestion
of carbs
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Slide8Functions of the digestive systemTonguePushes food around to help in
physical breakdown
Saliva and rolling motion of tongue turn food into a soft pliable ball called a
bolus.
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Slide9Functions of the digestive systemSoft palate and uvula - close off nasal cavity when you swallow
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Slide10Functions of the digestive systemPharynxCommon passageway for air and food
Responsible for swallowing process
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Slide11Functions of the digestive systemEsophagusFood is pushed through the esophagus by a process called peristalsis
Peristalsis: wave-like contractions that push food
forward
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Slide12Functions of the digestive systemStomachSecrets gastric juices for
chemical digestion
and periodically churns food
Gastric juices (hydrochloric acid and various enzymes) break down proteins
Saliva enzyme continues to breakdown carbs
Food takes 2 – 4 hours to leave the stomach
Chyme
– liquid consisting of partially digested food and gastric juices that leaves stomach and goes into small intestine
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How are bolus and
chyme
different?
Slide13Functions of the digestive systemSmall Intestine -
Digestion is completed and absorption occurs
!!!
Bile prepares fat for breakdownCarb, fat and protein digestion are completed
Villi – millions of tiny projections in small intestine that have capillaries.
Nutrients are absorbed through these villi
Indigestible portion passes into large intestine
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Slide14Functions of the digestive systemPancreas (accessory organ)
Secretes a juice containing
enzymes that further breakdown carbs, proteins, and lipids in the chyme
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Which other system
does the pancreas
function in?
Slide15Functions of the digestive systemLiver
Manufactures bile.
Bile – fluid necessary for digestion of fat
Produces and stores glycogen.Glycogen – storage form of glucose that can be easily broken down and used for energy.
Detoxifies alcohol and drugs.Makes several blood proteinsFibrinogin and thrombin – clotting
Albumin – osmotic pressure
Stores vitamins A, B12, D, and K.
B12 important in erythropoiesis
Vitamin D – need to absorb calcium
Vitamin K - need to make several clotting factors including prothrombin
Breaks down old RBC’s.
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Slide16Functions of the digestive systemGallbladderStores and concentrates bile
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Slide17Functions of the digestive systemLarge intestineAbsorbs large amounts of water back into the bloodstream
Elimination of waste
Home to a lot of helpful bacteria
Some produce vitamins (including K and B)
What type of diet promotes colon health
?
High fiber
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Slide18Functions of the digestive systemWhat can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens?
On
average, how much flatus does a person produce per day?
1-3 pints per day
Potty Trivia...
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Slide19Relevance of nutrition to the digestive systemHealthy dietary habits help maintain homeostasis of body systems
CALCIUM and Vitamin K – aid in blood clotting
PROTEIN – required for wound healing
CARBOHYDRATES – energy Vitamin B12 and Iron – red blood cell production (erythropoiesis)
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Slide20Relevance of nutrition to the digestive systemVitaminsFat solubleVitamins A, D, E, KWater soluble
Vitamins C, B(12)
Electrolytes
Calcium
PotassiumSodium
2.08 Understand the functions and
disorders
of the digestive system
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Other
Iron
Slide21Functions of the digestive system2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
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Check your knowledge…
Slide22Disorders of the digestive systemAnorexiaDecreased or poor appetiteSymptom
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat
Psychiatric disorderAnorexia Nervosa Video
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VS
Slide23Disorders of the digestive systemAnorexia nervosa Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat
Psychiatric disorder
Criteria
for diagnosis:Intense fear of becoming obese that does not go away with weight lossDistorted body image (feels fat even when emaciated)
Refusal to maintain minimal normal weightAmenorrheaComplications every organ in the body can be damaged, including the brain, heart and kidneys. This damage may not be fully reversible, even when the anorexia is under control
.
20% of people with anorexia nervosa will prematurely die
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Slide24Disorders of the digestive systemAnorexia nervosa
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Slide25Disorders of the digestive systemBulimia Nervosa Episodic binge eating (out of control eating) followed by PURGING (vomiting and laxative abuse)
Same fear of weight gain as in anorexia nervosa
Majority
maintain a normal weight.Complications: Dehydration, digestive problems, esophagus and tooth decay, heart problems…
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Slide26Disorders of the digestive systemCaries “cavity”Tooth decay because of acid production from bacterial fermentation of food debris
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Can you identify
preventive measures?
Slide27Disorders of the digestive systemCholecystitisInflammation of the gallbladderUsually caused by Cholelithiasis
– gallstones
Symptoms: Abdominal painNausea
Treatment:Cholecystectomy
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Especially after high fat meal
Slide28Disorders of the digestive systemCleft palateAn opening or split in the roof of the mouth (palate)
Can cause difficulty eating and speaking
Risk factors:
GeneticMaternal smoking, drug & alcohol use, HTNMales Corrected with surgery
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Slide29Disorders of the digestive systemCirrhosisScarring (fibrosis) of the liver
C
aused by chronic
alcohol abuse or abuse of medicines broken down by liver (Tylenol) !!!Also caused by liver diseases like hepatitisSymptoms
: Easy bruising/bleeding JaundiceFluid accumulation in abdomenFatigue/weakness
Anorexia
Treatment
:
None. Just slow progression by treating cause.
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What is the leading cause of cirrhosis
?
Slide30Disorders of the digestive systemConstipationI
nfrequent
bowel movements or difficult passage of stools
Usually caused by stool moving too slowly through the LI, causing it to become hard and dry
OBstipationIntestinal blockageSymptoms depend on where and severity -abdominal
pain, swollen abdomen, abdominal distension, vomiting, fecal vomiting, and constipation
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How can constipation
be prevented?
Slide31Disorders of the digestive disordersDiarrheaLoose, watery, frequent bowel movements
Caused by: virus, bacteria irritating colon lining
Complication: dehydration
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Slide32Disorders of the digestive systemIrritable bowel syndromeIdiopathic disorder of large intestineSymptoms:
cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea
and
constipationTreatments relate to:Lifestyle – exercise, control stress
Diet – avoid triggers, experiment with fiberMedication - symptoms
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Slide33Disorders of the digestive disordersGastroenteritisInflammation of mucus membrane lining of stomach and intestinal tractUsually caused by virus (stomach flu) or contaminated food (food poisoning)
Symptoms: N/V, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Risk of dehydration
WASH HANDS
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Slide34Disorders of the digestive systemGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)Chronic disease where
stomach acid
or content
flows back into your esophagus Cardiac sphincter relaxes abnormally or weakensHiatal hernia, pregnancy, smokers, obesity
Symptoms:Epigastric pain or burning – worse when laying down, chest pain, acid reflux, “lump” in throat
Treatment: medicines that neutralize acid or block acid production
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Slide35Disorders of the digestive systemHepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Can be acute (less than 6
mo) or chronic (more than 6 mo
)Chronic blood caused types can lead to cirrhosis
Symptoms: fever, N/V, anorexia,
abd
pain, jaundice
Hepatitis
A, B, C, D,
E are viral
Hep
A- contaminated food or water (fecal contaminate)Hep B- blood (sex, transfusion, needles)Hep C- blood (usually needles)Hep D- (only in people who also have B)Hep E- fecal contamination – rare in US
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Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine
?
A and B
Slide36Disorders of the digestive systemPeptic ulcer Sores in the mucosal lining of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum
Most are caused by a bacteria, Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)
Can be caused by prolonged NSAID use
Symptoms:Epigastric pain
Treatment:Antibiotics for H. PyloriAntacids, meds to reduce acid production
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Slide37Disorders of the digestive systemObesity Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher
Causes
– taking in more calories than are burned
Obesity affects physical and mental health
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High triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Metabolic syndrome — a combination of high blood sugar, high blood pressure, high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol
Heart disease
Stroke
Cancer, including cancer of the uterus, cervix, endometrium, ovaries, breast, colon, rectum, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney and prostate
Breathing disorders, including sleep apnea, a potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts
Gallbladder disease
Gynecologic problems, such as infertility and irregular periods
Erectile dysfunction and sexual health issues
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a condition in which fat builds up in the liver and can cause inflammation or scarring
Osteoarthritis
Skin conditions, including poor wound healing
Slide382.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive systemEssential questionsWhat are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
38