302 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system 302 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system 2 302 Essential Questions What are the functions of the nervous system ID: 1038745
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1. 13.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system
2. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system23.02 Essential QuestionsWhat are the functions of the nervous system?What are some disorders of the nervous system?How are nervous system disorders treated?How does the nervous system relate to the body’s communication systems?
3. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system3Functions of the nervous system:NeuronsNeurons – transmit messages from one cell to next Sensory neurons – carry messages from skin/sense organs to brain/spinal cord Motor neurons – carry messages from brain/spinal cord to the muscles and glandsAssociative neurons – carry messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons
4. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system4Functions of the central nervous system: Central Nervous SystemBrain Spinal Cord
5. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system5Functions of the central nervous system: BrainHow do you use your Cerebrum?Responsible for higher brain functions like thought (planning, recalling information and decision making).
6. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system6Functions of the central nervous system: BrainHow do you use your Cerebrum?Frontal lobe – Controls voluntary muscle movement, ability to speak, intellect, personality, emotions, and problem solvingPhineas Gage VIDEO
7. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system7Functions of the central nervous system: BrainHow do you use your Cerebrum?Parietal lobe – receives and interprets sensory info (pain, touch, heat, cold)
8. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system8Functions of the central nervous system: BrainHow do you use your Cerebrum?Occipital lobe – Visual area
9. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system9Functions of the central nervous system: BrainHow do you use your Cerebrum?Temporal lobe – hearing
10. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system10Functions of the central nervous system: BrainHow do you use your limbic system? It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).
11. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system11Functions of the central nervous system: BrainHow do you use your cerebellum? Maintains balanceMaintains muscle tone Coordination of movement CEREBELLUM video
12. 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system12Functions of the central nervous system: BRAINDiencephalonStructuresThalamusHypothalamusPineal bodyPituitary glandEndocrine
13. 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system13Functions of the central nervous system: BRAINDiencephalonThalamus Relay station for nerve impulsesHypothalamus!! Autonomic nervous control Temperature control Appetite control Emotional state Sleep control
14. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system14Functions of the central nervous system: BrainHow do you use your brain stem?Midbrain – involved in vision and hearingPons – respirationsMedulla oblongata – heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, swallowing and vomiting
15. 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system15Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINMeninges – membranes that cover and protect brain and spinal cord. Dura materArachnoidPia mater
16. 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system16Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINCHOROID PLEXUSBlood vessels in the ventricles in the brain that produce CSFCEREBROSPINAL FLUIDServes as a liquid shock absorber protecting the brain and spinal cord
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22. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system22Functions of the central nervous system:Spinal CordSpinal cord functions as a reflex center and conduction pathway to and from the brain.Reflex Arc VIDEO
23. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system23Functions of the Peripheral nervous systemCranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Remember: nerves take sensory stimuli and deliver motor effectsAlso called sensory-somatic nervous system
24. 24Functions of the Peripheral nervous systemCranial Nerves: Cranial Nerve Exam VIDEO (skipped vision and pupils)1 – Olfactory – smell2 – Optic – vision3 – Oculomotor – eye movement, pupil constriction 4 – Trochlear – eye movement 5 – Trigeminal – touch/pain from the face and head; muscles for chewing6 – Abducens - Eye movement7 – Facial nerve – Taste; controls muscles used in facial expression8 - Vestibulocochlear / Acoustic – hearing 9 - Glossopharyngeal - taste; Somatosensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx; controls some muscles used in swallowing10 – Vagus - Sensory, motor and autonomic functions of viscera (glands, digestion, heart rate)11 – Accessory - Controls muscles used in head movement12 – Hypoglossal - Controls muscles of tongue
25. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system25Functions of the Peripheral nervous systemSpinal Nerves Carry messages to and from spinal cord from all over body. All are mixed sensory and motor.
26. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system26Functions of the Peripheral nervous systemDivided into autonomic nervous systemsomatic nervous system
27. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system27Functions of the peripheral nervous system:Somatic nervous systemSomatic Nervous System:Regulates voluntary control of body movements
28. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system28Functions of the peripheral nervous system:Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic Nervous System:Regulates organ activityUsually involuntary (not under conscious control)Has two divisions:Sympathetic Parasympathetic
29. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system29Functions of the peripheral nervous system:Autonomic nervous system - SympatheticSympathetic Nervous System“fight or flight system”Responds to perceived danger
30. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system30Functions of the peripheral nervous system:Autonomic nervous system - ParasympatheticParasympathetic Nervous System“rest and digest system”Counteracts the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
31. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system31Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsAlzheimer’s disease – idiopathic degenerative disease where nerve endings in cerebral cortex deteriorate Usually Elderly Symptoms:Memory lossPersonality changesImpaired reasoningLate – loss of physical functions Treatment: no cure. Minimally helpful drugs to slow decline. Make safe environment Prevention:Continued learning Cardiovascular exercise Healthy diet (antioxidants)Dementia
32. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system32Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsCerebral palsy – disturbance of voluntary muscular action due to damage to developing brain (often before birth)Symptoms:Stiff muscles, exaggerated reflexes, lack of coordination, involuntary movements Can have difficulty speaking and swallowingMany have normal intelligence Cerebral Palsy VIDEOTreatments:Medicines to treat pain/complications of spasticityPhysical Therapist, Occupational Therapist, Speech Therapist
33. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system33Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsEpilepsy – seizure disorder caused by excessive uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons in brainElectroencephalogram (EEG) – try to trigger Symptoms:HallucinationsSeizures (convulsions)Loss of consciousnessTreated with anti-seizure medicationsAbsence Seizure VIDEOShould a person with epilepsy be allowed to drive?
34. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system34Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsHydrocephalus – increased amount of CSF in ventricles of brainUsually caused by blockage in the ventricles in brainCauses swelling of headMost frequently seen in babies and elderlyTreatment:surgical insertion of a drainage system, called a shunt, that funnels CSF to abdomen or chamber in heart
35. 35Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsMeningitis – inflammation of the linings of the brain and spinal cordCan be bacterial or viral Outbreaks in college or high school age Symptoms:Severe headacheStiff neckNausea/Vomiting Tests: blood cultures, x-rays, LUMBAR PUNCTURE Lumbar Puncture VIDEO Treatment: Bacterial: immediate antibiotics (IV)Viral: bed rest, OTC meds
36. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system36Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsMultiple sclerosis – chronic autoimmune disease of CNS where immune cells attack myelin sheaths delays nerve impulses in affected areasSymptoms: Weakness of extremities NumbnessDouble visionSpeech problems At risk: 20-40 yo, females, CaucasiansTreatment:Autoimmune drugs for maintenanceSteroids for attacks Prognosis: not fatal, but no cure.
37. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system37Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsNeuritis – inflammation of a nerve Results from an infection or anything that puts pressure on a nerve (inflammation, tumor…)In sensory neurons - tingling, burning, or stabbing pains In motor neurons – from muscle weakness to paralysis.Treatment: directed at cause; pain medExamples: Sciatica, Trigeminal Neuralgia, bells palsyShingles
38. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system38Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsPARALYSIS – loss of power of motion or sensationParaplegia – paralysis of lower extremities Quadriplegia – paralysis all four extremitiesHemiplegia – paralysis on one side of the body
39. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system39Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsSpinal cord injurySymptoms depend on anatomical level of injuryRespiratory weakness, distress or failure a concern if high levelSymptoms are either:Complete - almost all feeling (sensory) and all ability to control movement (motor function) are lost below the spinal cord injuryIncomplete - some motor or sensory function below the affected area
40. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system40Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsParkinson’s disease – idiopathic degenerative CNS diseaseDopamine producing cells slowly die 60+, men, familial Symptoms:Tremors - Pill-rolling Slow movementShuffling gaitMuscular rigidityDementia in late stagesTreatment: no cureMedications to increase dopamine levels help for a while Parkinson's Disease VIDEO
41. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system41Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsPoliomyelitis – contagious viral disease of nerve pathways in spinal cordFlu-like symptoms paralysis and deathEven after recovery, can have problems for decadesPrevention: VACCINE Treatment: no cure. PT, pain medsAlmost eradicated in US, but still a problem in other parts of the world
42. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system42Disorders of the nervous system and their treatmentsWest Nile Virus – virus transmitted by mosquitos Commonly found in tropical/temperate climates (Africa, Eastern Europe, West Asia, and the Middle East- since 1999 in US too) 80% of those infected have no symptomsThose with symptoms – usually flu-like RARELY – meningitis/encephalitis Prevention: bug sprayTreatment: no cure. Symptomatic treatment.
43. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system433.02 Essential QuestionsWhat are the functions of the nervous system?What are some disorders of the nervous system?How are nervous system disorders treated?How does the nervous system relate to the body’s communication systems?
44. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system443.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous systemThe end