AP Psych review Random Review Starters to Prep for Test - PowerPoint Presentation

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AP Psych review

Random Review Starters to Prep for Test

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Unit 1:

History & Approaches

Briefly Identify the Following:

What is the difference between Psychiatry & Psychology?What is the empirical approach to study?What is pseudopsychology and why is it considered dangerous?What is confirmation bias? Provide an exampleIdentify the founder & basic belief of each:StructuralismFunctionalismBehaviorism

Understanding Psychology

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Unit I:

History & approaches

Match the image with appropriate

Gestalt concept

Gestalt Psychology

- Remember Gestalt is a school of thought that looks at the “

unified whole”

attempting to understand how we organize visual elements into groups

Law of Similarity

Law of Proximity

Law of Closure

1

2

3

4

5

Figure & Ground

Law of Continuity

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Unit I:

History & approaches

Match the approach

with appropriate fieldContemporary Approaches to Psychology

Biological

Evolutionary

Cognitive

Humanistic

Psychoanalytic

Learning

SocioculturalBiopsychosocial

Unconscious motives influence behavior

Mental processes are influenced by interaction of biological, psychological, & social factors

Environmental & observational influences

Nervous system, glands & hormones, genetic factors

Ethnicity, gender, culture, religion, socio-economic status

Interpretation of mental images, thinking, language

Adaptive organisms survive & transmit their genes

People make free & conscious choices based on unique experiences

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Unit 2:

Research methods

How we know what we know

…and what we do not knowExplain the role Ethics play in psychologists research.Briefly explain the following types of research:DescriptiveCorrelational

Experimental

Match the following examples with their appropriate type of research listed above:

Case Study

Random Assignment to Eliminate Pre-Existing Differences

Survey

Statistical Association

Naturalistic ObservationCause and EffectIndependent Variable Manipulation

Complete

the following

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Unit 2:

Research methods

How we know what we know

…and what we do not knowHawthorne EffectIndependent VariableDependent VariableExtraneous VariableExperimental GroupControl GroupPlacebo

Explain the Role Each of the Following Play in Research

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Unit 2:

Research methods

How we know what we know

…and what we do not knowWhat is the difference between reliability and validity in research?What is a sample in research?

Provide a brief example of each of the following experimental measures:

Longitudinal Study

Cross-Sectional Study

Single-blind

Double Blind

Complete

the following

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Unit 2:

Research methods

How we know what we know

…and what we do not knowHow might each of the following impact how we view data or interact in the world?Personal biasExpectancy biasConfirmation biasHindsight biasOverconfidence

Explain what is meant by ”positive” and “negative” in psychological study and research.

Complete the following

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Unit 2:

Research methods

How we know what we know

…and what we do not knowCorrelationFrequency DistributionOutliersCorrelation Coefficient

Histogram

Mean

Normal Distribution

Median

Mode

Standard DeviationSkewed Distribution

Measure of Variability showing ave. distance between scores & their meanSimilar to a bar graph, depicts frequency distribution

Measures central tendency (average)Relationship between two variables in which change in one is reflected in the otherMeasurement that separates the upper & lower halves of scoresChart showing how often various scores in a data set occur

Extreme scores that skew resultsA number which expresses the degree of relationship between two variablesResults represented when one tail on a chart is longer than the other

Symmetric representation of resultsThe score which occurs most often

Match the Statistics terms on the left with the appropriate explanation

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Unit 3:

Biological Basis of Behavior

How our biology impacts behavior

Identify & Explain the Parts of a Neuron

1

2

3

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Unit 3:

Biological Basis of Behavior

How our biology impacts behavior

Explain the primary differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system.What are the three primary tasks of a neuron?What is the action potential in a neuron?What is the synapse?

Answer the following

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Unit 3:

Biological Basis of Behavior

How our biology impacts behavior

Explain the impacts of the following:DopamineNorepinephrineSerotoninEndorphinsAcetylcholineWhich of the above contributes in some way to…Depression

Schizophrenia

Parkinson’s

Alzheimer’s

Complete the following

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Unit 3:

Biological Basis of Behavior

How our biology impacts behavior

The CNS:Somatic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous SystemSympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Matching

–

the CNS

The Roles

Bring body back to normal after stress response

Controls voluntary movement

All other nerves

Controls involuntary movement

Speeds things up in preparation for fight or flight

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Unit 3:

Biological Basis of Behavior

How our biology impacts behavior

Imaging:EEG (Electroencephalogram)CAT/CT Scan (Computerized Axial Tomography)MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

fMRI (Functional MRI)

Matching

–

Brain and body scanning

What it does:

Detailed 3D picture of brain structure

Detailed structure of brain w/info about blood flow to show activity in the brain structure during cognitive tasks

Detects brain waves showing electrical activity

Measures density & location of brain material giving detailed brain image

Shows what areas of the brain or most active & how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain use

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Unit 3:

Biological Basis of Behavior

How our biology impacts behavior

Temporal Lobe / Parietal Lobe / Occipital Lobe / Frontal Lobe

The Lobes

Identify each lobe and tell for what it is responsible

A

B

C

D

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Unit 3:

Biological Basis of Behavior

How our biology impacts behavior

Explain the role or importance of the following:Phineas GageBroca’s AreaWernicke’s AreaIdentify each area and tell its function

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Forebrain

The Brain and our understanding

A

C

B

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Unit 3:

Biological Basis of Behavior

How our biology impacts behavior

Explain the role of the following:MedullaCerebellumThalamusHypothalamusAmygdalaHippocampus

The Brain and its function

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Unit 4:

Sensation and perception

Interpreting the world around us

Perception based on filling in gaps drawing on background knowledgeMental understanding that distance impacts size perception

Feature analysis, uses only features of an object to complete perception

Smallest amount of stimulus we can perceive

Translating incoming stimuli into neural signals

Just Noticeable Difference, amount of change needed in stimulus before we perceive

Mental representation of how we expect the world to be based on our schemata

States the

change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulusDecreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation

Match the terms on the left with their appropriate function

Transduction

Sensory Adaptation

Top-Down Processing

Perceptual Set

Bottom-Up Processing

Size Constancy

Absolute Threshold

Difference Threshold

Weber’s Law

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Unit 4:

Sensation and perception

Interpreting the world around us

Identify and Explain the Parts of the Eye

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Pupil

Lens

Blind Spot

Fovea

Retina

Optic Nerve

Iris

Cornea

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Unit 4:

Sensation and perception

Interpreting the world around us

Opponent-Process TheoryTrichromatic TheoryGate Control TheorySignal Detection TheoryDifference between Amplitude and FrequencyThe role of constancy in visionDifference between Chemical and Energy Senses

The Cocktail Party Phenomenon

Explain the importance of each of the following

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Unit 4:

Sensation and perception

Interpreting the world around us

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

External Canal

Cochlea

Inner Ear

Eardrum

Auditory Nerve

Middle Ear

Semicircular Canals

External Ear

Identify each part then briefly explain how transduction occurs

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Unit 5:

States of Consciousness

The basis for self-perception

Bodily processes of which you are usually unaware (heartbeat, digestion, respiration)Behaviors that suggest there is information of which we are aware but never at a conscious level

Information about yourself and your environment of which you are currently aware

Controversial psychoanalytic state in which unacceptable behaviors are repressed

Information about yourself or environment you are not currently thinking about but could recall (what did you eat for breakfast)

Match the terms on the left with their appropriate explanation

Consciousness

Nonconscious Level

Preconscious Level

Subconscious Level

Unconscious Level

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Unit 5:

States of Consciousness

The basis for self-perception

Explain the following concepts

Monism vs Dualism

Mere-Exposure Effect

Priming

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Unit 5:

States of Consciousness

The basis for self-perception

Match the sleep idea on the left with the explanation on the right

Sleep Onset

Stage One

Stage Two

Delta Sleep

REM

Circadian Rhythm

Stage 3 & 4, replenishes bodies chemicals & aid in growth hormones in children, disoriented and groggy if awoken

Intense brain activity as if awake, improves memory, when dreams are believed to occur, paradoxical sleep

Theta waves, aware of your environment

Important 24 hour metabolic & thought process

Between wakefulness & sleep, alpha waves, drowsy but awake, mild hallucinations such as falling

Theta waves slow in frequency & rise in amplitude, sleep spindles

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Unit 5:

States of Consciousness

The basis for self-perception

Briefly explain each of the following sleep disorders

Insomnia

Narcolepsy

Sleep Apnea

Night Terrors

Somnambulism

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Unit 5:

States of Consciousness

The basis for self-perception

Tell how the drugs on the left are like the items on the right

Psychoactive Drugs

Stimulants

Depressants

Hallucinations

Opiates

Porta-

potty

Flying unicorns

Kazoo

Pencil Sharpener

Unicycle

Important things to remember about drugs and consciousness:

Psychoactive Drugs: induce altered states of consciousness, chemically react in the brain, based on expectation & physiological process, act as agonists (mimic neurotransmitters) or antagonists (prevent neurotransmitters), tolerance is an issue

Stimulants: sense of euphoria, speed up body processes, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine

Depressants: slows function, sense of euphoria, slows motor control & reaction/judgement, alcohol, barbiturates

Hallucinations: change in perception or reality, LSD, peyote,

psilocybin mushrooms,

marijuana, drug lingers in body for weeks

Opiates: pain killers & mood elevators, euphoria & drowsiness, very physically addictive, morphine, heroine, methadone, codeine

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Unit 6:

Learning

Are you Classically Trained?

Match the individual on the left w/their accomplishment on the right

Pavlov

Watson

Garcia & Koelling

Thorndike

Skinner

Bandura

Kohler

Tolman

Law of Effect, cats repeated actions for reward stamping behavior upon the organism

Social learning, conducted the Bobo Doll experiment

Father of Classical Conditioning, worked with dogs to manipulate salivation

Operant Conditioning, manipulation of behavior through positive / negative reinforcement

Father of Behaviorism, conducted famous baby Albert experiments

Worked with rats to show taste aversion

Insight learning, experimented with Chimpanzees to discover when / how learning occurs

Latent learning, used rats to show learning occurred (cognitive map) but wasn’t seen until reinforcement

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Unit 6:

Learning

Schedules of Reinforcement:

On a piece of paper, fill in the following chart explaining the different types of reinforcement AND provide an example of eachAre you Classically Trained

Interval

Ratio

Fixed

Variable

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Unit 6:

Learning

Are you Classically Trained?

Briefly explain the following:

In Classical Conditioning, identify the following acronyms

US or UCS

UR or UCR

CS

CR

In the example below, identify the all of the above options:

Your mother prepared a tuna sandwich for your lunch. Unfortunately, the mayonnaise she used had been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long after eating, you felt extremely nauseated and had to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere mention of a tuna sandwich sent you scurrying to the bathroom with a hurting

stomach

.

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Unit 6:

Learning

Are you Classically Trained?

Briefly explain the following:

Identify the different between negative & positive reinforcement

Give an example

In behavior, what is shaping & chaining?

Identify how a token economy works

Explain the difference between primary & secondary reinforcers

How the following different in conditioning: generalization, discrimination, Spontaneous Recovery, & extinction

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Unit 7:

Cognition

Heuristic Thinking

Algorithm (as it relates to thinking)Procedural MemoryEffortful ProcessingAutomatic ProcessingThinking about thinking

Briefly explain & provide an example for the following:

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Unit 7: Cognition

Echoic Memory

Sensory Memory

Iconic MemoryWorking MemoryLong Term MemorySemantic MemoryImplicit Memory

Episodic Memory

Thinking about thinking

Brief

v

isual memory

Infinite capacity, permanent storage

Unintentional memorySpecific memory of eventsLimited capacity, current memory of which we are consciously awareBrief auditory memory

General knowledge, facts, meaning, & categoriesAll sensory information processed & stored for a short period of time

Match the item on the left w/its appropriate explanation on the right

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Unit 7:

Cognition

Chunking

RehearsalEncodingSerial Positioning (recency & primacy)Mood congruent State-dependentAnterograde amnesiaRetrograde amnesiaRetroactive interferenceThinking about thinking

Explain how each of the following impacts memory

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Unit 7: Cognition

Phonemes

Morphemes

SyntaxTelegraphic StageNativist Language TheoryNoam ChomskyBenjamin Worf

Babbling Stage

Thinking about thinking

Order in words are spoken

Smallest unit of sound in English language

All children are born with the ability to acquire language but quickly adapt to what is modeled

Point in speech development in which sound are unrelated to language

Proposed the nativist language theorySmallest unit of meaningful sound, words or parts of words

Point at which toddlers can combine words for simple commandsProposed the idea that language can influence how a culture thinks

Match the language concepts

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Unit 7:

Cognition

Availability Heuristic

Representative HeuristicSchema (Schemata)Confirmation BiasFramingRigidity (Functional Fixedness)OverconfidenceBelief PerseveranceDivergent ThinkingConvergent Thinking

Thinking about thinking

Explain how each of the following impacts action

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Unit 8:

motivation

Your phone is blowing up as text alert after text alert, offering unbelievable savings on the latest tele-tubby fully interactive AI, begins at 5 AM on Black Friday.

Tink-Winky is the hot new AI of the season and you have to have it! However, this means standing in line shoulder to shoulder smelling, pushing, and fighting with others to be first in the door. How might each of the following theories on motivation apply to our behavior in this situation?Drive Reduction TheoryArousal TheoryOpponent-process TheoryIncentive Theory

What drives you forward or holds you back?

Practice FRQ: explain how each concept in motivation would apply to the following situation

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Unit 8:

motivation

What drives you forward or holds you back?

Apply each of the following steps of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to your high school experience

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Unit 8:

motivation

Set-Point Theory

Lateral HypothalamusGarcia EffectVentromedial HypothalamusBulimia

Anorexia Nervosa

Obesity

What drives you forward or holds you back?

Explains aversion to food like when nausea sets in after eating

Our body attempts to maintain a specific or optimum body weight

Eating disorder marked by binging and purging

Severely overweight Obsession with weight causes starvation

The part of the brain that prompts us to eatPart of the brain that tells us to stop eating

Match the

motivation

concepts

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Unit 8:

motivation

Achievement Motivation

Extrinsic MotivatorsIntrinsic MotivatorsManagement Theory XManagement Theory Y

Approach-approach Conflict

Avoidance-avoidance Conflict

Approach-avoidance Conflict

Multiple approach-avoidance Conflicts

What drives you forward or holds you back?

Reward for accomplishment outside ourselves

One must choose between two desirable outcomesBelief that people are internally motivated to do good work & policies should encourage this

When two or more options have both desirable & undesirable featuresThe reward is the motivation, varies by person & activityChoosing between two unattractive outcomes

Internal award of satisfaction or enjoymentBelief that people only work if rewarded w/benefits or threatened w/punishmentOne event or goal has both attractive & unattractive features

Match the following concepts of Social Motivation

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Unit 8:

motivation

James-Lange Theory

Cannon-Bard TheoryTwo Factor Theory (Stanley Schacter)What drives you forward or holds you back?

Explain the following theories on how we experience emotion AND provide examples

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Unit 8:

motivation

You have just finished your last AP exam for the semester! The relief that floods your soul is a euphoria that leads to the potentially rash decision to attend a party at someone’s house you do not really know all that well. While you are on your best behavior, something happens at the party that results in the police being called. You did not realize they were on their way until the sirens were blaring and the house was surrounded. Explain how the GAS might potentially play out.

What drives you forward or holds you back?

Explain

Seyle’s

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) AND tell how it would apply to the situation below