“Phonological Errors” - PowerPoint Presentation

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“Phonological Errors”

John J Polin

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

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Phonological Errors

Phonological Errors

Definition:Phonological errors are made on an occasional basis by all speakers.(Carroll, David (1986).)They occur more often when speakers are nervous, tired, anxious or intoxicated. Speech sound disorders may be subdivided into two primary types, articulation disorders (also called phonetic Errors

) and phonemic disorders. These errors can be committed nonprofessional speakers and even hosts often make speech errors because they are under stress. Some speakers seem to be more prone to speech errors than others.

Introduction

Phonological disorder: difficulties developing and using the sounds of one’s native languageCharacterized by multiple errors in articulation of speech sounds, resulting in mild to severe unintelligibilityManifests during the developmental period for speech-sound acquisition.Often accompany physical and developmental disabilities, but in majority of cases, the cause is unknown

Phonological Disorders Classification

1) Difficulty with expressive phonology 2) Lack of phonological awareness3) Poor verbal working memory4) Problems with word learning and retrieval

Substitution Errors

When one class of sounds is replaced for another class of sounds./pat/ for fat/pine/ for vine /tear/ for chair/dob/ for job /take/ for shake/tope/ for soap/pum/ for thumbStopping (Stop) - When a child substitutes a stop (b, p, d, t, g, k) for a fricative (s, z, f, v, th's, h, sh,and

zh as in measure).Examples:

Deaffrication

Examples/tear/ for chair /sop/ for chop/karm/ for charm/dob/ for job/dim/ for gym/zan/ for Jan When a child

replaces an affricate (ch, dz

as in judge)

with a stop

(b, p, d, t, g, k) or a fricative (s, z, f,

v,th's

, h,

sh

, and

zh

as in measure).

Velar Fronting (VF)

Examples/top/ for cop/reen/ for ring /tup/ for cup /doh/ for go /tum/ for gumWhen a child replaces a velar sound (k, g, ng) with a

sound that is made toward the front of the mouth.  Fronting usually happens more often in the beginning of words compared to the end.

Depalatalization (

Dep) Examples/tek/ for check /matsiz/ for matches/dudz/ for judge/dane/ for JaneWhen a child substitutes an alveolar fricative

 (s, z) for a palatal fricative (sh, and zh as in measure).

Backing

Examples/kop/ for top /hope/ for soap/gime/ for dime/bike/ for biteWhen a child substitutes a front sound (t, d) with a back sound (k, g).*This occurs in children with severe phonological disorders.

Liquid Gliding (LG)

Examples/wabbit/ for rabbit /wook/ for look /wing/ for ring/yeef/ for leaf/bwed/ for bread /gween/ for green /bwack/ for black /gwas/ for glass

When a child substitutes a glide sound (w, y) for a liquid sound (r, l).This can also occur in consonant clusters.

Vocalization (Voc)

Examples/simpo/ for simple /abuh/ for able/tabo/ for table/papo/ for paperThis is also known as vowelization and happens when a child substitutes a vowel for a syllabic liquid.

Syllable Structure Processes

/medo/ for tomato/tefon/ for telephone /efant/ for elephant /nana/ for banana /side/ for outside Unstressed Syllable Deletion (USD) - When a child doesn't say the syllable with the least amount of stress.

Reduplication (Redup

)ExamplesTotal/baba/ for bottle /dada/ for dog/tata/ for television When a child repeats a syllable of a target word which creates a multi-syllabic word form. (Reduplication can be Total or Partial.)

ExamplesPartial

/

bada

/ for bottle

/

dadi

/ for dog

/

tatu

/ for television

Dimunization (Dim)

Examples/cup-ee/ for cup /book-ee/ for book/doll-ee/ for dollWhen a child adds an "-ee" and sometimes a consonant + "-ee" to a target word.

Conclusion

Phonological vs. Articulation Disorders:Articulation emphasized problems resulting from motor problem impacting articulators; treatment focused on “speech correction”Phonological emphasizes problem resulting from delays in the maturation of the underlying phonological system; treatment focuses on building and re-organizing phonological representations

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