Announcements To Register for the Monthly Disease Surveillance Trainings Contact your Service Surveillance HUB to receive monthly updates and reminders Logon or Request logon IDpassword httpstinyarmymilrzB8ACME ID: 773213
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Announcements To Register for the Monthly Disease Surveillance Trainings: Contact your Service Surveillance HUB to receive monthly updates and reminders Log-on or Request log-on ID/password: https://tiny.army.mil/r/zB8A/CME Register at: https://tiny.army.mil/r/4TgNE/EpiTechFY17 Confirm attendance: Please enter your full name/email into the DCS chat box to the right or email your Service HUB You will receive a confirmation email within 48 hours with your attendance record; if you do not receive this email, please contact your Service HUB
Aedes aegypti: vector-borne pathogens and genetic engineering Capt Lisa FernandezChief, Research EntomologistApplied Technology and Genomics Division USAF School of Aerospace MedicineDistribution D: DoD and DoD Contractors Only
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Aedes aegypti : why is this species so important?Biology, the pathogens transmitted, and impacts on public health.Chikungunya: what is it, where is it, and why do we care? Review local transmission in the US.Genetic engineering: vector control or mad science?Self-limiting genes and the concerns associated with it.
OVERVIEW Aedes aegypti Biology DistributionPathogensDengueYellow FeverChikungunyaGenetic engineeringBackgroundSelf-limiting gene
MOSQUITOES: not all bad Diptera = flies Two wings Includes all mosquitoes3500 species<1% bite humansOnly females blood feed
Morphology Pointed abdomen Black and white legsLyre-shapeBehavior Prefers human hostMorning, late afternoon bitersShort flight rangeAedes aegypti
LIFE CYCLE
HABITAT
Ae. a egypti globally
Ae. aegypti in US
DENGUE Symptoms headache, muscle pain, rash “Breakbone fever”Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)Fever 2-7 days “leaky” blood vessels5% mortalityNo vaccine available for naïve populations
40% world’s population exposed 50-100 million infections/year 500K DHF22K deaths US Outbreaks2001 HI – 100 cases2005 TX – 24 cases2009 FL – 27 cases2010 FL – 60 cases2015-2016 HI – 264 casesDENGUE
YELLOW FEVER Host: primates Symptoms Vaccination availableFever, chills, headache, muscle ache, nausea, vomiting, jaundice (yellow)200K infection worldwide30K deaths
CHIKUNGUNYA Hosts = humans, monkeys, birds, cattle, rodents 1952 first described in Tanzania Presently in over 60 countriesSymptoms Fever, muscle pain, rashRarely fatal1 week recovery
CHIKUNGUNYA 1952 first described in Tanzania 2005: India & SE Asia ~2 million cases 2007: Italy 197 cases2013: Caribbean first local transmission 2014: > 1 million cases in Americas 12 cases in FL 2015-2016: 31K in Americas TX local case
GENETIC ENGINEERNG Manipulation of genes over time Selective breeding Darwin: pigeons and cattleAgricultureDomestic petsRecent technologyDirect insertion of genesSelection “sped up”
GENETIC ENGINEERING Green Fluorescent Protein Discovered 1962, Noble Prize 2008 Isolated from jellyfish
OX513A MOSQUITO Self-limiting gene Gene produces a non-toxic proteinProtein interrupts other genesPrevents developmentRelease OX513A malesMales mate w/ femalesOffspring die
RESULTS Brazil 81-90% population reduction 91% reduction of Dengue FDA: “no significant impact”WHO issued positive recommendation Nov 2016: field trials approved in FL
ERADICATION? NO Impact on bird/fish populations Loss of pollinatorsYESOther insects fill nicheDecrease disease transmissionLower health costsIncreased development
SUMMARY Aedes aegypti Biology DistributionPathogensDengueYellow FeverChikungunyaGenetic engineeringBackgroundSelf-limiting gene
REFERENCES Ballenger-Browning K.K, Elder J.P., (2009) Multi-modal Aedes aegypti mosquito reduction interventions and dengue fever prevention. Tropical Medicine and international health 14(12): 1542-1551.CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases: Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. Chikungunya: Vector Control. Estimated Range of Aedes aegypti in the United States, 2016. April 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/resources/vector-control.htmlCDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases: Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. Chikungunya Virus: Transmission, Symptoms & Treatment, Geographic Distribution. Aug 2015. < https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/index.html > CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases: Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. Dengue: Symptoms and what to do if you think you have dengue, Epidemiology, Entomology & Ecology. Jan 2016. http :// www.cdc.gov/dengue/index.html CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases: Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. Mosquito life cycle: Aedes aegypti. http :// www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquitolifecycle.pdf CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases: Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. Yellow Fever: Transmission, Symptoms and Treatment, Geographic Distribution. July 2016. http :// www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/index.html Fang, J. Ecology: A world without mosquitoes. Nature 466, 432-434 (2010 ). Goddard, J. Physicians Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance: Mosquitoes. 6 th Edition. CRC Press. 2013. Monaghan AJ, Morin CW, Steinhoff DF, Wilhelmi O, Hayden M, Quattrochi DA, Reiskind M, Lloyd AL, Smith K, Schmidt CA, Scalf PE, Ernst K. On the Seasonal Occurrence and Abundance of the Zika Virus Vector Mosquito Aedes Aegypti in the Contiguous United States. PLOS Currents Outbreaks. March 2016 . MUG Kraemer, ME Sinka , KA Duda , AQN Mylne , FM Shearer, CM Barker, CG Moore, RG Carvalho , GE Coelho, W Van Bortel , G Hendrickx , F Schaffner , IRF Elyazar , H Teng , OJ Brady, JP Messina, DM Pigott , TW Scott, DL Smith, GRW Wint , N Golding, SI Hay. The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. Albopictus . June 2015.
REFERENCES CONTINUED Nobel Prizes and Laureates. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008. http ://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.htmlOxitec. Our Solution: Programmes, Technology- How the Self-Limitng Gene works, Safety and Sustainability. 2016. http://www.oxitec.com/our-solution/Samir B, PW Gething , OJ Brady, JP Messina, AW Farlow, CL Moyes , JM Drake, JA Brownstein, AG Hoen , O Sankoh , MF Myers, DB George, T Jaenisch , GRW Wint, SP Simmons, TW Scott, JJ Farrar & SI Hay. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496, 504–507 (25 April 2013 ). World Health Organization. Chikungunya – United States of America. June 2016. http ://www.who.int/csr/don/14-june-2016-chikungunya-usa/en / World Health Organization. Dengue Control: The mosquito. 2016. http ://www.who.int/denguecontrol/mosquito/en / World Health Organization. Emergencies preparedness, response. Fact Sheets: Chikungunya. April 2016. http ://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs327/en /
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