Landmark Cases - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Landmark Cases

AP GovernmentSlide2

Landmark Cases

Marbury v Madison

Established “judicial review”—changed Supreme Court

McCulloch v Maryland

National supremacy, elastic clause, Bank of the

US.Slide3

Landmark Cases

Gibbons v Ogden

Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce. Waterways and transportation are interstate issues.

Barron v Baltimore

Eminent domain (5

th

Am.) only applies to federal government – not states.Slide4

Landmark Cases

Dred Scott v Sanford

African Americans not citizens; can’t sue for freedom; Missouri Comp. unconstitutional.

Plessy v

Ferguson

Separate but equal okay; 14

th

Am. not intended to create equalitySlide5

Landmark Cases

Schenk v US

“Clear and present danger”/free speech/draft resistance

Gitlow

v New York

Pamphlets supported socialism; overrules

Barron

, 1

st

amendment applies to states (incorporation doctrine)Slide6

Landmark Cases

Wolf v Colorado

Did

not

incorporate the exclusionary rule. Some illegally obtained evidence could be used in court.

Brown v Board of Education (1)

Separate but equal inherently unconstitutional b/c of psychological effects on black childrenSlide7

Landmark Cases

Brown v Board of Education (2)

Complete Brown I with “all deliberate speed”

Mapp

v Ohio

Illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court. “Exclusionary rule” applies to states. Overturned

Wolf

v. Colorado.Slide8

Landmark Cases

Engel v Vitale

Separation of church and state, banned school prayer, establishment clause

Baker v Carr

Supreme Court has jurisdiction over congressional reapportionment and can impose remedies; 1962 Slide9

Landmark Cases

Gideon v

Wainright

Right to a lawyer if you can’t afford one.

Wesberry

v Sanders

Malapportionment

of congressional districts illegal (1964 Georgia)Slide10

Landmark Cases

Escobedo v Illinois

First time “right to remain silent” used; 6

th

Amendment; interrogations

Heart of Atlanta Motel v US

Congress can prohibit discrimination in private business under authority to regulate interstate commerce (Civil Rights Act)Slide11

Landmark Cases

Griswold v Connecticut

Introduced “right to privacy” which isn’t specifically in Constitution; contraception privacy under the states.

Miranda v Arizona

Must be informed of rights to counsel and to remain silent for evidence to be used against you in court.Slide12

Landmark Cases

Tinker v Des Moines

Protects student speech in school if not disruptive (armbands)

Bradenberg

v Ohio

Free speech (even hate speech) curtailed if calling for “imminent action”Slide13

Landmark Cases

Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg

To remedy past discrimination, public schools may

use racial

quotas, redistrict, and

bussing (14th

amendment)

Lemon v

Kurtzman

Laws or state action/funding cannot advance or inhibit religionSlide14

Landmark Cases

NY Times v US

Government must prove that national security is jeopardized before censuring publication; prior restraint

Roe v Wade

States can’t ban 1

st

trimester abortions; privacySlide15

Landmark Cases

Miller v California

Obscenity not protected by 1

st

amendment; defined as LAPS (no literary, artistic, political, scientific value)

US v Nixon

There are limits on executive privilege/immunity (Watergate tapes)Slide16

Landmark Cases

Buckley v

Valeo

Upheld limits on individual campaign contributions (freedom of speech), but not candidate spending own $$

UC Regents v Bakke

Quotas unconstitutional, but race can be admission factorSlide17

Landmark Cases

Bob Jones University v US

Religion not grounds for tax-exemption if violating rights (inter-racial)

INS v Chadha

Legislative veto of executive action unconstitutionalSlide18

Landmark Cases

New Jersey v TLO

School administrators can search students with just “reasonable suspicion”

Texas v Johnson

Symbolic speech—burning US flag

not

unconstitutionalSlide19

Landmark Cases

Shaw v Reno

NC 12

th

district illegal b/c lines based solely on race (gerrymandered)

US v Lopez

Returning power to the states (gun regulation exceeds commerce clause)Slide20

Landmark Cases

Veronia

School District v Acton

Random drug test of HS athletes not illegal search/seizure

Clinton v New York

Declared Line-Item Veto unconstitutional.Slide21

Landmark Cases

Bush v Gore

Florida recount ended because no standard for what counts as a vote

Ashcroft v ACLU

“Child Online Protection Act” struck down ~too restrictiveSlide22

Landmark Cases

Lawrence v Texas

Ruled sodomy laws are unconstitutional

Furman v Georgia

The Court's decision forced states and the national legislature to rethink their statutes for capital offenses to assure that the death penalty would not be administered in a capricious or discriminatory manner

. Outlawed death penalty statutes.Slide23

Landmark Cases

Gregg v Georgia

Court held that a punishment of death did not violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments under all circumstances. In extreme criminal cases, such as when a defendant has been convicted of deliberately killing another, the careful and judicious use of the death penalty may be appropriate if carefully employed. 

Planned Parenthood v Casey

Abortion: The

new standard asks whether a state abortion regulation has the purpose or effect of imposing an "undue burden," which is defined as a "substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion before the fetus attains viability."Slide24

Landmark Cases

Gratz

v Bollinger

While rejecting the argument that diversity cannot constitute a compelling state interest, the Court reasoned that the automatic distribution of 20 points, or one-fifth of the points needed to guarantee admission, to every single "underrepresented minority" applicant solely because of race was not narrowly tailored and did not provide the individualized consideration Justice Powell contemplated in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Grutter

v Bollinger

The Court reasoned that, because the Law School conducts highly individualized review of each applicant, no acceptance or rejection is based automatically on a variable such as race and that this process ensures that all factors that may contribute to diversity are meaningfully considered alongside race.Slide25

Landmark Cases

Citizens United v. FEC

By a 5-to-4 vote along ideological lines, the majority held that under the First Amendment corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited.

Fisher v Texas

 The Court held that the University of Texas’ use of race as a factor in the holistic review used to fill the spots remaining after the Top Ten Percent Plan was narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest. Slide26

Landmark Cases

Obergfell

v Hodges

The Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, and that analysis applies to same-sex couples in the same manner as it does to opposite-sex couples

.

The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment also guarantees the right of same-sex couples to marry as the denial of that right would deny same-sex couples equal protection under the law.

McDonald v Chicago

The Supreme Court reversed the Seventh Circuit, holding that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense applicable to the states.Slide27

Landmark Cases

Hamdi

v Rumsfeld

In an opinion backed by a four-justice plurality and partly joined by two additional justices, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that although Congress authorized

Hamdi's

detention, Fifth Amendment due process guarantees give a citizen held in the United States as an enemy combatant the right to contest that detention before a neutral

decision maker

. 

Kelo

v City of New London

T

he

majority held that the city's taking of private property to sell for private development qualified as a "public use" within the meaning of the takings clause.Slide28

FRQ

1 Question

Skill

: Both Identify and assess

Question encompasses both clauses of the 14

th

Amendment as well as 10 potential cases. You will be asked to assess the political ramifications of at least two cases.

4 points

Mapp v Ohio

Gideon v

Wainright

Miranda v Arizona

TLO

Escobedo

Brown v Board

Baker v

Carr

Regents v Bakke

Gratz

Grutter