Medicine in East Asia - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Medicine in East Asia

HI 176: Lecture 7Dr. Howard ChiangSlide2

Western Medicine and

Self-Strengthening

Treaty ports – e.g., Shanghai & Tianjin

‘cultural imperialism’ – Western medicine to E Asia

Tokugawa Japan – Dutch East India Company

17

th

& 18

th

c. China – Jesuit Missionaries

- 1693, French Dominique

Parennin

,

Manchu Anatomy

19

th

c. China – Protestant Missionaries

- British Benjamin Hobson,

Outline of Anatomy and Physiology

(1851) – first systematic translation

-

Tongwen

Guan in Beijing – translators’ school

- Scottish John Dudgeon, Gray’s

Anatomy

(1886)

- American John Kerr, Refuge for the Insane (1898)Slide3

Manchu Anatomy (1693)Slide4

Benjamin Hobson (1851)Slide5

Kerr Refuge for the InsaneSlide6

History of Modern Chinese MedicineSlide7

Peking Union Medical CollegeSlide8

Peking Union Medical CollegeSlide9

The Spectrum of Medical Practice in the Early 20

th

Century

American Rockefeller Foundation

Missionary-run hospitals and clinics

Multidenominational ‘union medical colleges’

Military hospitals of the Chinese, Japanese,

and Russian armies

Medical facilities in the colonial treaty ports

Chinese Customs Service quarantine stations

Private and government hospitals

Pharmacies and drugstores – Chinese or WesternSlide10

The Spectrum of Medical Practice in the Early 20

th

Century

“Chinese Medicine”:

- scholarly physicians

- graduates of the new colleges of Chinese medicine

- specialists such as the Bamboo Grove monks

- martial artists

- acupuncturists

- itinerant peddlers of Chinese drugs

- medical advisors in temples

- dentists

Women healers:

- midwives; specialists in pediatric care; smallpox

variolation

specialists

VaccinationSlide11

The Spectrum of Medical Practice in the Early 20

th

Century

Literate Medicine – medical lineages

- Four Famous Physicians of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties

- Warm Diseases (

wenbing

,

溫病

)

- Cold Damage

- family lineage – e.g.,

Menghe

in Jiangsu (Volker

Scheid

)

Response to epidemics

- collective organization of large processions in the streets to expel the ‘demons’ causing the disease

Eventually

harmonized into a single medical system

in which modern biomedicine became the modelSlide12

History of Modern Chinese MedicineSlide13

Public Health & the Modern State

Public health is a function of the modern state

- emerged first in Britain – English Utilitarian’s program for greater worker efficiency

In China

- exam required for Imperial Medical Academy

- free distribution of medicine by local magistrates – Angela Leung’s article on organized medicine in Ming-Qing China – increasingly left to the charitable activities of the local elites

1902: late Qing’s first municipal health bureau created in Tianjin – ‘protect the lives of the people’

Ministry of Civil Affairs – police and public health

Manchurian plague (1910-1911)Slide14
Slide15
Slide16

Manchurian Plague (1910-11)Slide17

Manchurian Plague (1910-11)Slide18

1911: International Plague Conference

North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service – China’s first attempt at a public health serviceSlide19

1911: International Plague Conference

North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service – China’s first attempt at a public health serviceSlide20

First Medical Licensing Exam

1909

Duanfang

(

端方

):

Describe

the advantages and disadvantages of Chinese and Western pulse

taking.

Describe

the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western

pharmacy.

Discuss

the use of anesthetic drugs in ancient

times.

Discuss

the properties and uses of X-

rays.

Discuss

Chinese and Western needling techniques

.

Discuss the cause and treatment of rat-borne plague

Required candidates to be familiar with both classical medical literature and Western medicine (e.g., X-rays and serum therapy)Slide21

Scientism

Scientism – emerged in the May 4

th

/New Culture

National education system?

1913: All China Medical Pharmaceutical Association

Wang

Daxie

: “I have decided in future to abolish Chinese medicine and also not to use Chinese drugs”

Refusal to include Chinese medicine in the national education system did not mean trying to abolish Chinese medicine

In November 1908 – a new Western medicine department, with a Western pharmacy was installed in the Imperial Medical Academy alongside its traditional counterpartsSlide22

Chen

Duxiu

,

‘Call to Youth’,

New Youth

(1915):

‘Our

men of learning do not understand science; thus they make use of yin-yang signs and beliefs in the five elements to confuse the world and delude the people…Our doctors do not understand science; they not only know nothing of human anatomy, but also know nothing of the analysis of medicines; as for bacterial poisoning and infections, they have not even heard of them

.’Slide23

Scientism

Leaders of the Chinese medical community responded with attempts to

make Chinese medicine appear scientific

:

- edited new textbooks

- reliance on classical medical theory as a liability

- medical education – Shanghai Technical College of Chinese Medicine was founded in 1915

- 1920s and 1930s: founding of many other new schools of Chinese medicine – curriculum included

Western anatomy and physiology (even pathology and bacteriology)Slide24

Movement to Abolish Chinese Medicine

1928: China’s first Ministry of Health

Yu

Yunxiu

(1879-1954) proposed a motion to ‘abolish old-style medicine in order to clear away the obstacles to medicine and public health’

First National Public Health Conference approved the motion

Response of the Chinese medical community:

- a national conference of Chinese medicine on March 17, 1929, a date later declared the National Medicine Day

- National Union of Medical and Pharmaceutical Organizations – 5-member delegation to NanjingSlide25

Formation of the Institute of National Medicine

Chinese medicine allied with the National Studies movement – ‘National Medicine’

1931: the Institute of National Medicine – with the aim to ‘

scientize

’ Chinese medicine (

inc.

pharmacopea

)

- Chinese physicians began to marginalize those peers who refrained from engaging with the project of

scientization

Japanese influence:

- a movement for preserving

kanpo

(Sino-Japanese medicine) flourished as a way to maintain cultural identity by way of ‘

scientizing

’ traditional medicine

- Chinese doctors borrowed the strategy from their

kanpo

predecessors in JapanSlide26

Reinvention of AcupunctureSlide27

Reinvention of AcupunctureSlide28

Reinvention of Acupuncture

Cheng

Dan’an

(

承淡安

, 1899-1957)

- mapped

Western anatomy and physiology onto the meridian tracts of acupuncture (

jingluo

,

經絡

):

The

pathways of acupuncture points recorded by our forebears are mostly lacking in detail. There is even less recorded about the contents of the acupuncture pathways. This book employs scientific methods to correct this. Each

acupoint

must be elucidated anatomically….In manipulating

acupoints

, although our forebears needled into arteries, this was still needling the nerves of that area, and certainly not [primarily] rupturing the artery….However, when they did needle them (arteries) the objective was [to reach] the nerves at that spot.Slide29

20

th

Century Transformations

Chinese medicine in the PRC (1949-present):

1949-53 – subsumed under biomedicine

1954-65 – creation of ‘traditional Chinese medicine’

1966-77 –

contracted

by ideological simplification

1976-89 – exploded into myriad options/possibilities

1989-present – integration into global health care

Globalization:

Actively supported by WHO, promoted by the Chinese state, dispersed by Chinese physicians, studied by conventional and alternative practitioners throughout the world, sought after by international clientele of patientsSlide30

Chinese medicine

- cultural imperialism?